A skin scar is a result of the healing process of skin trauma. It can occur as a proper structure or as an abnormal growth, such as a hypertrophic scar and a keloid. Scar differs in surface, location, impact on other structures, and cosmetic view. Abnormal hypertrophic scar increases the risk of further irritation, scarring, disturbs the natural barrier, decreases in cosmetic view, and impacts daily life. There are different types of treatment for an excessive scar that can be applied in different cases. The steroid tapes, steroid injections, surgery, post-surgical radiation, dry needling, silicone materials, laser therapy, cryotherapy, massage, ACE inhibitors, and fat grafting.
Introduction and Objective. The skin not only plays a fundamental role in protecting the body from external factors, but also participates in thermoregulatory, metabolic, immunological and sensory processes. More and more attention is being paid (both in the scientific community and among patients) to the impact of lifestyle, including the use of legal stimulants such as alcohol or products containing nicotine on the condition of the skin. The aim of this paper was to present the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of harmful, easily accessible and legal addictive substances on human skin and also to support an interdisciplinary approach to the prevention and treatment of skin pathologies associated with their use. Review methods. The research was conducted as a literature review based on information obtained from PubMed, Embase, GoogleScholar using combinations of the following keywords: skin, cigarettes, alcohol, nicotine, lifestyle, substance, abuse, cancer. The state of knowledge. Biological mechanisms through which alcohol and nicotine (in both traditional and e-cigarette forms) affect the condition of the skin include the induction of oxidative stress, microcirculation disturbances, modulation of the immune response and disruptions in collagen metabolism. These mechanisms influence wound healing, exacerbate the course of inflammatory skin diseases, contribute to the development of neoplastic lesions and accelerate the skin aging process. There are reports of potential therapeutic benefits of nicotine in certain dermatoses. However, researchers point out the methodological limitations in existing studies. Conclusion. Alcohol and tobacco products have a negative impact on the skin – they disrupt microcirculation, weaken the epidermal barrier, slow down wound healing and accelerate aging. In the context of the growing popularity of e-cigarettes and alternative forms of nicotine consumption, the need for further, well-designed research in this area is emphasized.
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with systemic complications that may impair cognitive and motor functions. Simple reaction time (SRT) is a measure of sensory-motor performance and an important indicator of central nervous system processing speed. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetes mellitus on simple reaction time and cognitive abilities decline comparing results between individuals with diabetes and healthy controls. Methods: A review paper based on studies found on PubMed and Google Scholar. The majority of metanalyses and studies involve two groups: a diabetic group (patients diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes) and a non-diabetic control group. Participants performed a standardized computer-based simple reaction time test. Reaction times were measured and statistically analyzed to assess differences between the groups. Results: The results indicated that individuals with diabetes had significantly longer simple reaction times compared to the control group. The findings suggest that diabetes mellitus negatively affects sensory-motor integration and neural processing speed. Conclusion: The study concludes that diabetes mellitus can impair cognitive-motor function as reflected in prolonged simple reaction times. This highlights the need for cognitive assessment and monitoring in diabetic patients as part of their routine clinical care.
L’anémie est une affection fréquente chez les patients âgés et sa prévalence augmente avec l’âge. Méthode : il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective sur cinq (5) ans [janvier 2017- décembre 2021] dans le service de médecine interne de l’hôpital national de Niamey au Niger. Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’anémie chez les patients âgés de 65 ans et plus. Résultat : Cent quatre-vingt-dix-huit (198) dossiers répondaient aux critères d’inclusion soit 5,96 % des patients de 65 ans et plus. Le sexe masculin était majoritaire avec 71,72%. L’âge moyen était de 72,13± 5,49 ans. Les plaintes des patients étaient dominées par la palpitation, l’asthénie et les vertiges avec respectivement 98,98 %, 97,97 % et 78,78 %. La pâleur cutanée et muqueuse était quasi constante, retrouvée chez 188 patients, soit 94,94 %. Le taux d’hémoglobine moyen retrouvé était de 8,3 g/dl ± 1,99 avec des extrêmes de 3 et 11,9. Dans plus de la moitié des cas (55,05%) l’anémie était d’origine inflammatoire. La cause carentielle a été retrouvée chez 63 patients (31,81 %). Conclusion : L’anémie, cause de morbimortalité de la personne âgée, reste fréquente. Anemia is a common condition in elderly patients and its prevalence increases with age. Method: This is a retrospective study over five (5) years [January 2017- December 2021] in the internal medicine department of the National Hospital of Niamey in Niger. The objective of this study is to evaluate anemia in patients aged 65 years and older. Result: One hundred and ninety-eight (198) files met the inclusion criteria, i.e. 5.96% of patients aged 65 years and older. The male sex was in the majority with 142 patients or 71.72%. The mean age was 72.13± 5.49 years. Patient complaints were dominated by palpitation, asthenia and dizziness with 98.98%, 97.97%, and 78.78%, respectively. The pallor of the skin and mucous membrane was almost constant, found in 188 patients, or 94.94%. The mean hemoglobin level found was 8.3 g/dL ± 1.99 with extremes of 3 and 11.9 g/dL. In more than half of the cases (55.05%) the anemia was of inflammatory origin. The deficiency cause was found in 63 patients (31.81%). Conclusion: Anaemia, a cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, remains common.
