Industrial Research Limited (IRL) was a Crown Research Institute of New Zealand that was established in 1992 and merged into Callaghan Innovation, a new Crown entity, on 1 February 2013. IRL provided research, development and commercialisation services aimed at fostering industry development, economic growth and business expansion. It was established when the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was disbanded and its staff and assets redistributed to form the research institutes in 1992. Like many New Zealand entities, its logo incorporated a Māori identity, in this case "Te Tauihu Pūtaiao", where Te Tauihu is the prow or leading edge of a waka (Māori war canoe) and Pūtaiao means science. The phrase is a metaphor for the way science and technology can open up new opportunities for New Zealand businesses.IRL was based at Gracefield in Lower Hutt, and had offices in Auckland and Christchurch. After 10 years of operation, IRL commissioned a book, The Littlest Clue, which followed the history of several scientists and their projects as they took their ideas from the lab to the market place. In 2009, IRL ran a competition What's Your Problem New Zealand? to win up to $1 million of research and development services, receiving over 100 entries.
Let FN be the distribution function of a finite real population of size N. Let Fn be the empirical distribution function of a sample of size n drawn from the population without replacement. Let TFN be any product of the moments or cumulants of FN, let TFn denote the sample version, and let Tn,NFN denote the expected value of TFn with respect to FN. We prove the following remarkable inversion principle that the expected value of TN,nFn is equal to TFN. We also obtain an explicit expression for Tn,NFN for all TFN of orders up to six.
The syntheses of tungsten oxide-organic amine hybrids via homogenous and heterogeneous routes were explored and compared. In the former case, tungstic acid (H2WO4) and an appropriate amine were dissolved in ammonia solution under nitrogen atmosphere, and the product was precipitated out via evaporation of the solvent. In heterogeneous synthesis, a non-aqueous approach was employed in which H2WO4 powder was aged in a solution consisting of the amine dissolved in an appropriate organic solvent. XRD and FTIR showed that the hybrid materials obtained from the two different methods are identical. Based on these findings, we were able to prepare tungsten oxide hybrid films for the first time, by dip-coating tungstic acid films prepared from sol-gel techniques, in a non-aqueous diamine solution. The XRD spectra of these films exhibit a series of harmonic peaks, indexed as [00k ], which correspond to the Bragg peaks for the hybrid compounds. SEM shows the morphology of tungstic acid changes from the irregularly shaped platelets to a needle-like structure of the hybrids and resulted in a loosely packed coating.
We show that channel capacity of N-transmitter M-receiver antenna systems is approximately normal for both Raleigh fading and Ricean environments whether or not antennas are correlated. We give the distribution and percentiles of capacity as a power-series in $$(MN)^{-1/2}$$ when M or M/N is fixed, both for the case of fixed total power transmitted and also for the case, where total power transmitted increases with N.
The zircon powder from Zircon Minerals Malaysia is a pure premium grade zircon sand milled 1.5 µm that contain ZrSiO 4 , ZrO 2 , HfO 2 , SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , and Fe 2 O 3 . The monoclinic zirconia powders were synthesized from the zircon sand of Zircon Minerals Malaysia, by caustic fusion method at calcination temperatures between 500 °C to 800 °C. The as-synthesized zirconia was characterized through X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. The XRD results show two monoclinic phases of microcrystalline zirconia. Zirconia that was calcined at 600 °C obtained the highest value of ZrO 2 , which was 54.48%; followed by zirconia calcined at 700 °C, 800 °C, and 500 °C, which obtained the ZrO 2 values of 53.58%, 52.41%, and 51.53%, respectively, based on the XRF analysis. As-synthesized zirconia showed monoclinic phases where the surface areas were 0.0635 m 2 /g, 0.135 m 2 /g, 0.0268 m 2 /g, and 0.0288 m 2 /g, for zirconia calcined at temperatures of 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C, respectively. The surface structure of the powder that had been calcined at 600 C showed similarities with the commercial zirconia. The similarities of the synthesized zirconia and commercial zirconia showed that the zirconia powder could be synthesized using zircon sand by caustic fusion method, even though the content of zirconia was lower compared to that of the commercial zirconia powder.
