Many natural food proteins with desirable functional properties are limited by poor water dispersibility, which restricts their practical application. In this study, egg yolk granules (EYG) and zein, two intrinsically water-insoluble proteins with distinct origins of insolubility, were used to construct soluble protein complexes through a simple pH-driven co-assembly process. Stable EYG-Zein complexes were obtained within a defined compositional range, and the optimal mass ratio of 2:3 showed the smallest hydrodynamic diameter and the highest colloidal stability. Multiscale characterization indicated that the mutual solubilization of EYG and zein was governed primarily by non-covalent interactions and accompanied by structural reconstruction. Fluorescence quenching and thermodynamic analysis further suggested that hydrophobic interactions were the dominant driving force for complex formation. Compared with dissociated EYG, the EYG-Zein complexes exhibited higher surface hydrophobicity and showed enhanced ice recrystallization inhibition activity, which became stronger with an increasing proportion of zein. In an ice cream system, incorporation of EYG-Zein effectively suppressed ice crystal growth while causing minor changes in color and no significant adverse effects on melting behavior, texture, or aroma-related properties. These results demonstrate that pH-driven all-protein co-assembly can serve as an effective strategy for converting EYG and zein into functional colloidal complexes and highlight the potential of EYG-Zein complexes as antifreeze ingredients in frozen foods.
This study synthesized the empirical literature published between January 2020 and May 2026 on cultural adaptation of Mainland Chinese migrants. Drawing on the PRISMA framework, 69 empirical studies were identified and synthesized thematically. Methodological quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and confidence in the synthesized findings was assessed using the GRADE-CERQual approach. Five analytical themes emerged: acculturation strategy, social media use, family networks, acculturative stress and psychological adjustment, and identity-based subgroups. The results indicate acculturation strategy and continuous cross-cultural negotiation are the factors affecting the dynamic and complex process of cultural adaptation of migrants from Mainland China. Methodological appraisal further identified systematic deficiencies in sample representativeness within the quantitative descriptive literature, and in the handling of divergence in mixed methods designs. This synthesis emphasizes the importance of subgroup heterogeneity, digital communication, and post-pandemic reception environments as productive avenues for future intercultural research.
This updated edition offers an accessible introduction to reaction technology in food and biological processing tailored for professional workers and students in the field. With two new chapters covering biological reactions including enzymatic and fermentation systems and integrating transport phenomena with reaction engineering, it expands the scope of the original text to reflect the evolving challenges and innovations in food technology. The book explores the rate and control of chemical changes during processing, emphasizing both desired transformations and those that compromise quality. New examples such as high-pressure processing, pulsed electric fields and ultrasound are woven throughout the text, alongside extended discussions on sustainability, shelf life, food waste, energy use and environmental impact. Each chapter builds a quantitative understanding of how food products change during processing and storage, offering tools to manipulate and improve outcomes. From microbial control to enzyme bioreactors and heat transfer limitations, the text equips readers to design better processes and develop novel products. With additional problems for teaching and self-study, this edition is an essential resource for those seeking to deepen their grasp of food reaction engineering and contribute to the future of sustainable, high-quality food manufacturing.
The alimentary tract includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and rectum. These structures all share the same basic structure and consist of an epithelial-lined cavity supported by a submucosa. This submucosa is surrounded by bone in parts of the oral cavity and by muscle in the rest of tract. Because of this consistent basic structure, tumors that develop within the tubular alimentary tract can be subdivided into those of the epithelium and those that develop within the supporting mesenchymal tissue. Cancer staging requires assessment of regional lymph nodes for the presence of metastases. Papillomas of the oral cavity can be subdivided into squamous papillomas that are benign neoplasms and viral papillomas that are hyperplastic lesions caused by papillomavirus infection. Squamous cell carcinomas are the most common oral neoplasm of cats, horses, and the production animal species. They are the second most common malignant oral neoplasm of dogs.
The urgent need for affordable housing requires addressing shortages efficiently, which can be achieved through off-site construction (OSC). Although widely used globally, OSC adoption remains limited in many countries, including New Zealand. Recent studies have identified barriers related to supply chain management (SCM) as the main impediment to OSC's broader implementation. Thus, successful OSC deployment is heavily dependent on effective SCM, which is often characterized by complexity and fragmentation. This research explores the critical design, raw material preparation, manufacturing, transportation, and assembly barriers related to OSC-SCM. It adopts a triangulation approach, integrating an in-depth global literature review, which is then verified and mapped to show how mitigation strategies intervene at different SCM stages. These insights are contextualized through expert interviews and case studies in New Zealand. The study also proposes a comprehensive framework to analyze the interdependencies between various barriers within the OSC-supply chain. It highlights the importance of understanding the impact of these barriers to develop strategies that optimize SCM performance. Ultimately, this research aims to advance the wider application of OSC techniques by addressing the major barriers that currently limit their full potential in architectural and engineering projects. The results show that critical factors are the most significant barriers, with regional factors like market size, dispersed populations, and unique geographical challenges intensifying these problems. This study recommends pilot projects in real-world environments to evaluate and refine SCM methods, and further research into automation and optimization to improve OSC supply chain efficiency.
