En el contexto, la influencia de la sociedad contemporánea y la hibridación cultural espontánea o condicionada, contribuye al cambio en las diferentes etapas del matrimonio. El objetivo es conocer y describir los cambios en las costumbres del proceso de formalización matrimonial en las comunidades quechuas de la región de Puno. Para ello, se utilizó el método cualitativo de carácter descriptivo-etnográfico, realizándose el trabajo de campo con las siguientes técnicas e instrumentos: entrevista no estructurada, observación participante, análisis documental, guía de observación y diario de campo. Los resultados de la investigación demuestran un contraste en las comunidades quechuas, en tiempos remotos el matrimonio se caracterizaba por su fuerte vínculo con los rituales comunitarios, costumbres, creencias y acuerdos familiares; sin embargo, en la actualidad es evidente los cambios en el enamoramiento, pedida de mano, designación de padrinos, preparativos, día central y “ch’allachi” de regalos. Este cambio refleja una transición cultural, donde las costumbres ancestrales pierden gradualmente su protagonismo frente a nuevas formas simbólicas, conllevando a uniones interculturales, así como a las relaciones a distancia, generando desafíos en la comunicación y adaptación, esta flexibilidad de cambio de normas socioculturales repercute en la estabilidad matrimonial, incluso en la percepción del matrimonio como contrato económico y social.
In Slovakia, 55% of the generated municipal solid waste (MSW) was landfilled in 2018. Poor waste management performance is due to a lack of effective policies. We examine the effect of unit-based pricing of waste on the amount of mixed municipal waste and waste sorting. Compared to previous studies, this work applies spatial econometric model using panel data of Slovak municipalities from 2010 to 2018 in order to take into account spatial dependence of waste generation between municipalities. Possible endogeneity of unit-based pricing is assessed using the instrumental variable approach. Moreover, the propensity score matching method was applied to support the results. The results are as follows. (1) Unit prices reduce the amount of mixed municipal waste by an average of 22% per capita and the size of the effect depends on the pricing type. (2) Unit-based pricing increases the sorting of plastics by 15% and glass by 9%. On the contrary, no effect on the garden biodegradable or paper waste sorting is found. (3) The results show significant negative effect of unit-based pricing on waste generation in neighbouring municipalities. Moreover, we find no evidence of waste tourism caused by unit-based pricing implementation.
Newfoundland and Labrador province is blessed with many natural resources. The province heavily depends on nonrenewable petroleum products for its domestic need and export. Considering the limited nature of this nonrenewable resources, the provincial government has taken many policy initiatives to develop its renewable energy sector. It has been found that the concentration was mainly on hydroelectric generation where the government is now implementing the formulated policies. But, policymakers are in policy formulation stage for wind energy development. Overall, the province has set its long term vision of sustainable energy supply and moving towards development of clean and environment friendly energy.
"Book Review: The Greening of the US Military: Environmental Policy, National Security, and Organizational Change (Public Management and Change). Robert F. Durant. 2007. Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC. 298 pp. $29.95 softcover.." Environmental Practice, 11(1), pp. 58–59
Environmental security implies a freedom from environmental threats that can contribute to instability and the outbreak of conflict. The complex and long-term nature of such threats often makes them difficult to identify and act upon; however, it is widely recognized that such threats need to be addressed in the next U.S. National Security Strategy. Countries that are less environmentally sustainable are more prone to instability. Early identification of instability is necessary in structuring successful interventions, and a simple framework and set of indicators are presented as a means to better identify and communicate this instability. Defense environmental cooperation can be an effective tool to promote sustainability overseas. The U.S. Army has demonstrated its leadership in sustainability, and can leverage its experience to help implement related defense cooperation activities in support of the new Africa Command.
