Introduction: The study analyzes the relationship between strategic planning and governance in public procurement at a decentralized public university in Peru, considering its implications for efficiency, transparency, and regulatory compliance. Methods: A mixed descriptive-correlational approach was applied using a non-experimental cross-sectional design, evaluating 152 university employees using a validated questionnaire (alpha > 0.71) and a review of normative documents. Results: The findings reveal a predominance of simplified awarding procedures (2019-2024) and a high incidence rate in the preparatory stage, identified as the main operational bottleneck, resulting in economic damages of up to 2,982,623.50 PEN and average delays of 71.6 days. The Regulatory Alignment Index (55%) indicates gaps with international standards. A significant positive correlation was found between governance and planning (rho = 0.566; p < 0.01), with moderate explanatory power (R-2 = 0.3295). Discussion: These results suggest that, despite acceptable operational performance, structural weaknesses persist in governance and strategic planning. The identified gaps highlight the need to incorporate sustainability, life-cycle approaches, and project management methodologies. An adaptive model integrating public value, efficiency, transparency, and sustainability is proposed to strengthen governance and align university procurement with global best practices.
Water scarcity in Peru is increasingly shaped by competing sectoral demands, particularly between large-scale mining and agriculture. Both sectors rely heavily on limited freshwater resources in arid coastal and Andean basins, generating complex trade-offs between economic productivity, environmental sustainability, and social equity. This review synthesizes and critically evaluates current knowledge on water footprint (WF) dynamics within mining–agriculture systems, integrating hydrosocial theory, water–energy–food nexus thinking, and sustainability transition frameworks. Mining activities in Peru are characterized by high blue and grey water footprints, associated with intensive extraction processes and contamination risks, while agriculture exhibits diverse water footprints depending on crop type, irrigation efficiency, and climatic conditions. The interaction of these sectors creates hydrosocial conflicts driven by unequal water allocation, environmental degradation, and institutional fragmentation. This paper identifies key drivers of conflict and evaluates emerging pathways for sustainability transitions, including technological innovation, nature-based solutions, and participatory governance mechanisms. An integrative conceptual framework derived from a thematic synthesis of the reviewed literature is proposed. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and researchers seeking to reconcile economic development with water sustainability in resource-constrained environments.
Grasslands are ecosystems of global importance; in Peru, they represent more than half of the country’s territory. However, few studies have been conducted on high Andean grasslands. The objective was to study morphological, productive, resource allocation, and nutritional characteristics in five populations of Festuca dolichophylla grown under similar conditions. Populations that originated from Huancavelica Community and University, Junín, Pasco, and Puno were grown in Huancavelica Community in a randomized block design. After twelve months, a uniformization cut was performed, and five months later they were evaluated. Morphological characteristics, productivity, and resource allocation were analyzed with ANCOVA, the nutritional characteristics were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (considering population as a factor). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for morphological characteristics such as height, number and length of stems, and number of inflorescences. The resource allocation was 13.8% root, 18.4% crown, 29.2% culms + sheaths, 34.8% blades, and 3.8% inflorescence, with no differences between populations (p > 0.05). The Puno population stood out for its greater biomass, linked to more stems and inflorescences. Nutritional characteristics varied among populations in terms of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and in vitro dry matter digestibility. These findings are useful for selecting populations in revegetation or genetic breeding programs.
Downy mildew caused by Peronospora variabilis is one of the main health problems affecting quinoa cultivation in the Andean region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum), horsetail (Equisetum bogotense), and paico (Chenopodium ambrosioides) in reducing the severity of downy mildew and its effect on the yield of the Blanca Junín and Pasankalla quinoa varieties. The working solutions contained 10% of the crude extract. Foliar applications were made every 7 days, between 21 and 84 days after sowing. Using a randomized complete block split-plot design, severity, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and relative efficacy (RE) of the treatment were quantified. The results revealed a significant interaction between variety and treatment (p < 0.05). Garlic extract in the Blanca Junín variety stood out as the best alternative for downy mildew control, considerably reducing AUDPC, increasing yield, and demonstrating greater RE (68.4%) compared to the synthetic fungicide metalaxyl. In the Pasankalla variety, because of its greater intrinsic tolerance, the impact of the extracts on yield was less pronounced. These findings position plant extracts, especially garlic extracts, as viable alternatives for the integrated management of downy mildew in quinoa crops, although it is recommended to validate their effectiveness in multiple campaigns that align with environmental sustainability and human health.
En el presente trabajo se analiza, desde un enfoque cualitativo, teórico-documental y analítico-comparativo, la posible existencia de un sistema escritural semasiográfico, numeral y geométrico en el mundo inca. Mediante diseño histórico-comparativo y hermenéutico, se examinan fuentes coloniales, materiales arqueológicos y patrones formales recurrentes. Los resultados identifican regularidades estructurales, una gramática visual operativa y la centralidad del sistema decimal como principio organizador, proponiéndose una regla de lectura no fonocéntrica (forma → número → concepto → sonido). Se concluye que existe alta plausibilidad de un sistema escritural andino no fonético, lo que exige ampliar críticamente la definición de escritura en perspectiva intercultural.
