The Institution of Structural Engineers is a professional body for structural engineering based in the United Kingdom.The Institution has over 30,000 members operating in over 100 countries. The Institution provides professional accreditation for structural engineers and publishes a monthly magazine, The Structural Engineer.The Institution also has a research journal titled Structures, published by Elsevier, Inc.The Institution is an internationally recognised source of expertise and information concerning all issues that involve structural engineering and public safety within the built environment.[citation needed]The Institution uphold standards, shares knowledge, promotes structural engineering and provides a voice for the structural engineering profession..
The studied bump stop is a hollow folded polyurethane cylinder mounted around the damper rod in a MacPherson front wheel suspension, restricting the upward wheel displacement. It is a critical component for durability since the force transfer through the bump stop determines the vertical peak loads to the car body. In extreme load cases as driving over a curb, the bump stop is subjected to impact loading giving a highly non-linear behavior. The nominal compressive strain can reach 80% under a load duration of milliseconds. The presented model is based on impact test data. By performing drop tests, high load levels and short contact times can be combined, giving a realistic loading in view of road load data from the test track. The main objective of the model is to predict the behavior at high strain rates and strain levels. The strongly progressive behavior, shown in a stress strain diagram, both in terms of the loading curve and the hysteresis, requires special attention. The main feature of the model is a linear viscoelastic Maxwell model combined with a function that takes care of the strongly progressive behavior. This function, obtained from a dynamic loading curve in the impact test, is multiplied with the Maxwell stress, giving the sought progressive behavior. The model is accurate, simple to obtain from the impact test, computationally efficient, and easy to implement in commercial multi-body-system codes as ADAMS and can thus successfully be used in the product development of new cars.
Topological Interlocking (TI) is a modular historic construction method of covering large spans with standardized components without connectors. The concept has now been revisited, following recent developments in parametric methods, resulting in algorithms capable of creating a large number of unique designs. However, due to structural complexities, only a few examples of TI have been embodied in mainstream permanent built projects. This paper therefore proposes a generalized framework for connecting the iterative digital design of TIs in combination with an assessment of structural integrity. The algorithm employs the principles of finite element methods to evaluate structural resilience in relation to various loading scenarios (i.e. deflections and stress), to suggest: firstly, the optimal span of the system; and secondly, the required boundary condition. This was tested on a set of small-scale 3d printed models, demonstrating that the framework creates a path beyond geometrical design, towards implementing TI into mainstream construction. It thus offers an approach to modular design focused on a sustainable circular economy.
This paper defines the Structural Translation Protocol (STP) and ethical framework of reversible causality within the Nakagawa Structural Theory System. It establishes the ethical boundary of reproducibility through the Nakagawa Structural Ethics Declaration, presenting a model of Controlled Disclosure for the AI era.
This paper defines the Structural Translation Protocol (STP) and ethical framework of reversible causality within the Nakagawa Structural Theory System. It establishes the ethical boundary of reproducibility through the Nakagawa Structural Ethics Declaration, presenting a model of Controlled Disclosure for the AI era.
This study proposes the shape of a pressure-independent control valve (PICV) that minimizes the pressure drop to improve the flow performance of PICVs through target value modeling in accordance with the opening rate of the PICV. The model was verified by comparing the experimental values of the PICV at different opening rates with the flow rate and pressure drop based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and CFD simulations were performed based on the PICV opening rate and the improved model shape. The comparison between the PICV experimental values and the CFD modeling values indicated a flow rate difference of less than 4.65%, thus proving that the model satisfies the target flow rate. Based on this result, the PICV model was improved so that the minimum absolute pressure was increased and the pressure drop was decreased compared to the existing valve shape. Consequently, the energy requirements of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning pumps of the building can be reduced, as there is no requirement for pressure drops, allowing the valve to operate without increasing the saturated vapor pressure.
