International Islamic University Chittagong

This study presents a comprehensive numerical analysis of eco-friendly Cs2SnGeCl6-based double perovskite solar cells using the SCAPS-1D simulation framework. A total of 64 device architectures, incorporating different combinations of ETLs and HTLs, were examined. Among them, the ITO/Ws2/Cs2SnGeCl6/CuSbS2/Ni structure demonstrated the highest performance, achieving a peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) of approximately 30.80%. Subsequent optimization of the absorber layer identified the ideal parameters as a 0.9 & micro;m thickness, an acceptor density (Na) of 1 & times; 1018 cm-3, and a defect density (Nt) of 1 & times; 1015 cm-3, accompanied by fine-tuning of the transport layer thicknesses and doping levels. The device was further analyzed under variations in temperature, series resistance, and shunt resistance, with detailed evaluations of J-V characteristics, quantum efficiency, recombination and generation dynamics, capacitance, and Mott-Schottky behavior. In addition to simulation, a machine learning pipeline was developed using 2187 high-fidelity SCAPS-1D configurations to predict key photovoltaic parameters. Among ten tested algorithms, the ExtraTrees model achieved outstanding predictive performance (R2 = 0.999945) following optimal hyperparameter tuning. Feature importance analysis indicated that Ntis the most influential factor, and the model predicted a PCE of 29.79% under the optimized conditions of absorber thickness, defect density, and temperature (0.9 & micro;m, 1 & times; 1015 cm-3, and 300).

Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.), a member of the Euphorbiaceae Juss family, is a little tree or shrub that has long been used in folk medicine to cure ailments like fever, wound healing, and postpartum recuperation. In this study, Swiss albino mice were used to evaluate the analgesic, antipyretic, and antidiarrheal properties of the acetone extract of M. paniculatus (AMP). Standard screening techniques were used to identify the phytochemical ingredients. Three models were used to evaluate analgesic activity: the tail immersion test, formalin-induced paw licking, and acetic acid-induced writhing. Antipyretic activity was assessed using a fever model induced by brewer's yeast. At the same time, antidiarrheal effects were evaluated by castor oil-induced diarrhea, and gastrointestinal motility was studied using a charcoal meal marker. Furthermore, in silico analyses-such as molecular docking, ADME profiling, toxicity prediction, and PASS analysis-were conducted using online tools. The results indicated that AMP at a lower dose (200 mg/kg) produced significant analgesic effects across all pain models compared with the control group. In the antipyretic evaluation, AMP administered at 400 mg/kg illustrated the most pronounced reduction in body temperature after 4 h, which was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The same higher dose (400 mg/kg) also significantly reduced diarrheal episodes and slowed gastrointestinal motility in both the castor oil-induced diarrhea and charcoal meal transit tests. Molecular docking analysis further corroborated these pharmacological effects, revealing that AMP compounds exhibited strong binding affinity toward key target receptors associated with pain, inflammation, and gastrointestinal activity. Collectively, these results indicate that AMP has promising potential as a natural multitarget therapeutic agent for the treatment of pain, fever, and diarrhea.

This work delivers an extensive numerical study of lithium-based double perovskite Li2AgBiBr6, employing SCAPS-1D and PVsyst to refine device layering and improve photovoltaic outputs. Because double perovskite solar cells (DPSCs) free of lead are becoming promising, environmentally responsible replacements for traditional lead-halide photovoltaic technologies. At first, six electron transport layers (ETLs: WS2, ZnO, PCBM, SnS2, IGZO, C60) were systematically combined with ten-hole transport layers (HTLs: CBTS, Cu2O, CuSCN, Cu2Te, CuI, MoS2, PEDOT:PSS, GaAs, P3HT, CFTS) to produce 60 distinct device stacks, which were assessed through parametric optimization. Additionally, three front metal contacts (Al, Ag, Cu) and nine back contacts (Cu, Fe, C, Au, W, Ni, Pd, Pt, Se) were studied to quantify contact effects on device behavior. The best-performing architecture that WS2 as ETL with CBTS as HTL, which yielded a PCE of 21.42%, with VOC = 0.9318 V, JSC = 25.4175 mA cm- 2, and FF = 86.946%, meanwhile with ZnO, PCBM, SnS2, IGZO and C60 based cell yielded PCE of 21.33%, 20.84%, 20.46%, 19.23% and 17.9%, respectively. We further investigated sensitivity to series and shunt resistances (Rs, Rsh), operational temperature, recombination/generation profiles, J-V and QE responses, capacitance, Mott-Schottky trends, Nyquist-Bode, and CF analysis. Optimized cell metrics were transferred into PVsyst for modulelevel evaluation under realistic environmental conditions; among the ETL variants, the WS2-based 72-cell module produced the highest peak power of 465.86W with output current of 5.83A at the cell temperature 45oC and irradiance 1000W.m-2. The combined SCAPS-1D with PVsyst workflow provides a practical route to project cellscale improvements into module-scale energy performance.

Achieving safe, stable, and volumetrically efficient hydrogen storage remains a central challenge for solid-state energy materials, particularly beyond lightweight hydrides that often suffer from poor reversibility and thermal instability. In this work, we investigate CsAH3 (A = Fe, Cu, Tl) perovskite hydrides as a distinct class of heavy-cation hydrides, where volumetric efficiency, thermodynamic robustness, and multifunctionality are prioritized over gravimetric performance. Using density functional theory, we systematically examine their hydrogen storage characteristics, structural stability, thermo-mechanical behavior, electronic structure, and optical response. The calculated gravimetric hydrogen capacities decrease monotonically with increasing cation mass, reflecting an intrinsic mass-normalization limitation of Cs-based lattices. In contrast, all compounds exhibit high volumetric hydrogen densities (51.7-82.4 g/L), exceeding the U.S. Department of Energy 2025 target. Negative formation energies, absence of imaginary phonon modes, and AIMD stability at 300 K confirm strong thermodynamic and kinetic stability. Desorption temperatures indicate strong hydrogen binding in CsFeH3, while CsCuH3 and CsTlH3 approach a more practical thermodynamic window. Electronic structure analysis reveals metallic behaviour across the series, enabling free-carrier-dominated optical responses spanning the infrared to visible regions. These properties suggest that CsAH3 (A = Fe, Cu, Tl) hydrides are unsuitable for lightweight mobile storage but are promising for stationary hydrogen storage, hybrid thermally or photo-assisted release systems, and integrated optoelectronic-storage applications. This study establishes Cs-based perovskite hydrides as robust, multifunctional hydrogen materials and highlights the importance of application-specific performance metrics beyond gravimetric capacity alone.

In 2025, liver cirrhosis, characterized by hepatic fibrosis and regenerating nodules, with over 185 million individuals infected globally (>3% of the world population), represented a significant global health challenge, with hepatitis B virus (HBV) being the primary cause. This review synthesizes the epidemiology, risk factors, consequences, and therapies of cirrhosis. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is predominantly prevalent in the Asia-Pacific region, but in Western countries, HCV, alcohol misuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—exacerbated by rising obesity rates—predominate. Additional risk factors exacerbate disease progression, including diabetes and familial predisposition. Cirrhosis progresses via compensated and decompensated stages; decompensation signifies severe outcomes such as variceal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatorenal syndrome, and bacterial peritonitis. Pathophysiological mechanisms include chronic inflammation leading to HCC, variceal rupture due to portal hypertension, and neurotoxicity from hyperammonemia in HE. Current treatment emphasizes etiology-specific techniques such as alcohol abstinence, NAFLD prevention, and antiviral therapies for HBV/HCV. While modifications to gut microbiota and nutritional supplementation target systemic inflammation and malnutrition, innovative strategies such as mesenchymal stromal cell therapy aim to rebuild hepatocytes. Liver transplantation, despite constraints in organ availability, is crucial for end-stage disease management. Despite advancements, the molecular mechanisms behind fibrosis and cirrhosis require further elucidation before the development of targeted therapies. Mitigating the global burden of cirrhosis necessitates addressing regional disparities in risk factors and healthcare accessibility. This analysis underscores the necessity of interdisciplinary, etiology-specific approaches to enhance therapy outcomes and reduce mortality in cirrhotic patients.