A calculation is performed of ion-velocity and energy-distribution functions in plasma occupied by ion-acoustic compressive and rarefactive solitons. The pseudopotential method and ergodic hypothesis are used. A two-electron model of plasma with cold ions is considered. Formulas valid for arbitrary amplitude are obtained. It is shown that the perturbed distribution functions have a beamlike form. The results are compared with previously obtained analytical calculations and modeling results.
The equation of thermal balance in cryogenic current leads of constant and variable cross sections cooled by liquid nitrogen vapor is considered. The heat flow into the low-temperature zone is determined and the optimal geometric characteristics of cryogenic current leads are compared with a change in current. In the mathematical model under consideration, the variation in the cross-sectional area along the axis of the current supply is represented by a smooth linear function that allows the integration of the differential equation of thermal balance. Using the example of current leads with constant and variable cross-sectional areas characterized by a certain material, cooling, and shape of the inputs, the values of the heat flow to the cryoagent are determined.
The possibility of using inductive plasma to activate the sorption properties of granulated high-moor peat with respect to petroleum products was investigated. Plasma conditions were created using a high-frequency (HF) inductive plasma torch (operating frequency 27.12 +/- 0.27 MHz) at atmospheric pressure using argon as the plasma-forming gas. Based on the recorded argon plasma emission spectra, the component composition of the plasma flow during granule surface treatment was determined. The presence of OH radicals was detected, which have a destructive effect on the organic matter of peat, leading to changes in surface morphology. According to electron microscopy data of the fibrous structure of the peat matrix, a network of small capillaries is formed on the surface of the fibers, which significantly increases the surface area of granulated peat available for interaction with petroleum products. The degradation process of plasma-treated peat granules was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that when heated in a nitrogen flow, three stages form on the mass loss curves: dehydration (50-200 degrees C), decomposition of peat organic matter (210-500 degrees C), and coal oxidation (700-770 degrees C), which determine the sample morphology. The relationship between the sorption properties and morphology of modified peat granules was investigated. The oil capacity of peat sorbents for turbine oil was determined depending on their processing conditions.
A vibrational paradigm of atomic dynamic in dense fluids is known to provide useful insight on the transport and thermodynamic properties of fluids in three dimensions. In this paper, a vibrational model is generalized to describe the excess entropy of two-dimensional (2D) fluids. A simple practical implementation of this model is demonstrated to deliver accurate results for various systems, such as one-component plasmas with Coulomb and logarithmic interactions, a 2D fluid of dipole particles, and a 2D Yukawa fluid. The applicability limits, relevance to three-dimensional fluids, relations to other 2D phenomena, and potential practical applications are briefly discussed.
Modern agriculture largely relies on chemical fertilizers which have led to ecological damage and soil degradation. Environmental sustainability is crucial while considering the application of fertilizers to promote plant growth, crop yield, soil health and fertility. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and microalgae have emerged as effective and ecofriendly substitutes for chemical fertilizers. These biostimulants and biofertilizers enhance soil fertility due to their natural synthesis of bioactive molecules such as amino acids, pigments, phytohormones and vitamins. They also aid in resilience to various environmental stresses. When applied together, microalgae and PGPR cocultures are further more efficient as biological stimulants than when used individually. This enhanced performance is due to synergistic interactions that promote plant growth traits and enhance stress resilience.
