Given a commutative algebra A and a quotient A-algebra A/I, we construct a resolution of A/I as an A-module such that it is also a differential graded (dg) algebra with divided powers (PD). This construction makes use of symmetric tensors in the symmetric tensor category of dg A-modules and does not require a Noetherian assumption on A. Moreover, the resolution has many lifting properties which we leverage to study the homotopy Lie algebra associated to the pair (A,A/I), which is defined as the image in the Yoneda algebra ExtA⁎(A/I,A/I) of the cohomology of the PD derivations of this PD dg algebra. Finally we investigate the complete intersection case in more details as well as connect it to the finite generation of the Yoneda algebra.
This study presents a techno-economic assessment of a conceptual 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) biorefinery integrating ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment with lignocellulosic biomass conversion. This work provides a novel comparative techno-economic assessment of corn stover (CS) and brewer's spent grain (BSG) as feedstocks for IL-based 3-HP production. A literature-based process model was developed for the continuous production of 50,000 t/year of 3-HP and evaluated using both feedstocks. IL pretreatment was selected for its recyclability and potential to reduce chemical consumption compared with conventional pretreatment methods. Biomass-to-3-HP conversion efficiencies (on a dry basis) of 25.63% and 23.31% were obtained for CS and BSG, respectively, reflecting the lower fermentable sugar recovery achieved from BSG. Economic assessment yielded break-even selling prices (BESP) of $2472/tonne 3-HP for CS and $2643/tonne for BSG, indicating that both configurations are economically competitive with literature-reported bio-based 3-HP values. Sensitivity analysis identified yeast consumption as the dominant cost driver, followed by enzyme and IL requirements. The results highlight the potential of IL-assisted lignocellulosic biorefineries for competitive 3-HP production and identify the optimisation of yeast production and recycling, enhanced IL recovery and recycling, and co-product valorisation through bioethanol and lignin recovery as key opportunities to further reduce production costs.
Impulsive choice is the suboptimal preference for a smaller-sooner (SS, “impulsive”) option over a larger-later (LL, “self-controlled”) option. Fixed-interval (FI) training delivers delayed-reinforcement trials to increase LL choices and improve FI timing precision. While there are plenty of studies exploring the neurobiological factors underlying impulsive choice, it is unknown what neurobiological changes account for the FI training effects. The prelimbic cortex (PL) region is implicated in both impulsive choice and timing. To investigate the role of the PL, we used designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (GiDREADDs) to reversibly inhibit the PL during either the FI training phase or the follow-up impulsive choice task in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared to a control group, the GiDREADDs rats showed reduced LL choices when CNO was administered during the FI training or impulsive choice tasks. GiDREADDS did not alter response rates or latency to choose. Overall, these data demonstrate that inhibition of the PL increases impulsive choice and may block the effect of the FI training to improve self-control. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. National Institutes of Health, https://ror.org/01cwqze88
The global wood adhesive market is dominated by formaldehyde-based resins that, despite good bonding performance, pose serious health and environmental risks. This study developed fully biobased hempseed protein adhesives modified with citric acid, glucose, and their combinations as sustainable alternatives. Hemp protein isolates were formulated and hot-pressed at 180°C for two-layer plywood bonding. Structural (FTIR, XRD, SEM), thermal (DSC, TGA), rheological, and performance (shear strength, water resistance, hydrophobicity) analyses were performed to evaluate modification effects. Citric acid introduced ester and amide crosslinks that increased dry shear strength to 3.07 MPa and elevated denaturation temperatures above 144°C. Glucose enhanced Schiff-base and Maillard-type crosslinking, yielding dry strengths up to 3.46 MPa, wet strength of 1.61 MPa, and surface hydrophobicity values exceeding 78 μg bound SDS/mg sample. Dual-modifier systems exhibited pronounced synergy, producing dense covalent networks with dry, wet, and soaked strengths of 4.76, 2.49, and 4.14 MPa, respectively. Water resistance improved markedly, with residual mass retention reaching 82.9%, and DSC confirmed cooperative stabilization with enthalpies exceeding 11 J/g and endset temperatures above 160°C. TGA revealed reduced moisture uptake and higher char yields, while rheological analysis indicated dual systems balanced elasticity and viscosity, forming stable suspensions prior to curing. These findings demonstrate that hemp protein–citric acid–glucose adhesives are high-performance, sustainable alternatives for engineered wood applications, advancing circular bioeconomy goals.
Climate change is accelerated by increasing levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) as a result of human activity, particularly the release of carbon dioxide (CO2). Soil carbon (C) sequestration, or the transfer of atmospheric CO2 to soil organic matter (SOM) with long-term stabilization within the soil, is an important process of C removal from the atmosphere. For the accounting of soil C and offset markets in most countries including Australia, the standard soil sampling depth is 0–30 cm, although deeper sampling is recommended for more accurate C stock assessments and to capture long-term sequestration potential. While 30 cm soil depth accounts for most short-term management impacts on C storage, a significant portion of soil C is stored below this depth (i.e., deep soil C), and sampling at greater depths can provide a more complete account of total C stocks and potential sequestration benefits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review, including a bibliometric analysis and a critical discussion of the link between deep soil C storage and sequestration potential in relation to climate change mitigation and soil health. Deep soil layers contain over 850 Pg C worldwide, which is approximately 50
