Given a commutative algebra A and a quotient A-algebra A/I, we construct a resolution of A/I as an A-module such that it is also a differential graded (dg) algebra with divided powers (PD). This construction makes use of symmetric tensors in the symmetric tensor category of dg A-modules and does not require a Noetherian assumption on A. Moreover, the resolution has many lifting properties which we leverage to study the homotopy Lie algebra associated to the pair (A, A/I), which is defined as the image in the Yoneda algebra Ext & lowast;A(A/I,A/I) of the cohomology of the PD derivations of this PD dg algebra. Finally we investigate the complete intersection case in more details as well as connect it to the finite generation of the Yoneda algebra. (c) 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
This study presents a techno-economic assessment of a conceptual 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) biorefinery integrating ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment with lignocellulosic biomass conversion. This work provides a novel comparative techno-economic assessment of corn stover (CS) and brewer's spent grain (BSG) as feedstocks for ILbased 3-HP production. A literature-based process model was developed for the continuous production of 50,000 t/year of 3-HP and evaluated using both feedstocks. IL pretreatment was selected for its recyclability and potential to reduce chemical consumption compared with conventional pretreatment methods. Biomass-to-3-HP conversion efficiencies (on a dry basis) of 25.63% and 23.31% were obtained for CS and BSG, respectively, reflecting the lower fermentable sugar recovery achieved from BSG. Economic assessment yielded break-even selling prices (BESP) of $2472/tonne 3-HP for CS and $2643/tonne for BSG, indicating that both configurations are economically competitive with literature-reported bio-based 3-HP values. Sensitivity analysis identified yeast consumption as the dominant cost driver, followed by enzyme and IL requirements. The results highlight the potential of IL-assisted lignocellulosic biorefineries for competitive 3-HP production and identify the optimisation of yeast production and recycling, enhanced IL recovery and recycling, and co-product valorisation through bioethanol and lignin recovery as key opportunities to further reduce production costs.
Dengue transmission is shaped by the population dynamics of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, making vector control a central strategy for disease mitigation. The impact of interventions such as larvicide, adulticide, and breeding-site reduction depends critically on their timing under fluctuating environmental conditions. We build on a high-fidelity, non-Markovian mechanistic model of the Aedes life cycle that captures stage-structured, temperature-dependent developmental delays, and mortality, and extend it to incorporate multiple vector control measures. Rather than using continuous abstract control amplitudes as in standard optimal control formulations, we introduce intervention-specific temporal profiles that better reflect operational practice. We then develop an adjoint-based gradient descent framework to compute the optimal timing of a sequence of interventions by minimizing the time-dependent dengue reproduction number, R0. Numerical simulations based on seasonal temperature data from Miami, Florida, show that appropriately timed combinations of interventions can substantially suppress transmission risk, with outcomes strongly influenced by seasonal temperature variation and intervention duration. We further propose embedding the resulting optimization framework within a Model Predictive Control architecture, yielding a closed-loop approach for real-time, surveillance-driven vector management under environmental and operational uncertainty.
Impulsive choice is the suboptimal preference for a smaller-sooner (SS, “impulsive”) option over a larger-later (LL, “self-controlled”) option. Fixed-interval (FI) training delivers delayed-reinforcement trials to increase LL choices and improve FI timing precision. While there are plenty of studies exploring the neurobiological factors underlying impulsive choice, it is unknown what neurobiological changes account for the FI training effects. The prelimbic cortex (PL) region is implicated in both impulsive choice and timing. To investigate the role of the PL, we used designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (GiDREADDs) to reversibly inhibit the PL during either the FI training phase or the follow-up impulsive choice task in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared to a control group, the GiDREADDs rats showed reduced LL choices when CNO was administered during the FI training or impulsive choice tasks. GiDREADDS did not alter response rates or latency to choose. Overall, these data demonstrate that inhibition of the PL increases impulsive choice and may block the effect of the FI training to improve self-control.
The global wood adhesive market is dominated by formaldehyde-based resins that, despite good bonding performance, pose serious health and environmental risks. This study developed fully biobased hempseed protein adhesives modified with citric acid, glucose, and their combinations as sustainable alternatives. Hemp protein isolates were formulated and hot-pressed at 180 degrees C for two-layer plywood bonding. Structural (FTIR, XRD, SEM), thermal (DSC, TGA), rheological, and performance (shear strength, water resistance, hydrophobicity) analyses were performed to evaluate modification effects. Citric acid introduced ester and amide crosslinks that increased dry shear strength to 3.07 MPa and elevated denaturation temperatures above 144 degrees C. Glucose enhanced Schiffbase and Maillard-type crosslinking, yielding dry strengths up to 3.46 MPa, wet strength of 1.61 MPa, and surface hydrophobicity values exceeding 78 mu g bound SDS/mg sample. Dual-modifier systems exhibited pronounced synergy, producing dense covalent networks with dry, wet, and soaked strengths of 4.76, 2.49, and 4.14 MPa, respectively. Water resistance improved markedly, with residual mass retention reaching 82.9%, and DSC confirmed cooperative stabilization with enthalpies exceeding 11 J/g and endset temperatures above 160 degrees C. TGA revealed reduced moisture uptake and higher char yields, while rheological analysis indicated dual systems balanced elasticity and viscosity, forming stable suspensions prior to curing. These findings demonstrate that hemp protein-citric acid-glucose adhesives are high-performance, sustainable alternatives for engineered wood applications, advancing circular bioeconomy goals.
