A new mathematical model governing the development of a corrupted hierarchy is derived. This model is based on the Mean Field Games theory. A retrospective problem for that model is considered. From the applied standpoint, this problem amounts to figuring out the past activity of the corrupted hierarchy using the present data for this community. Three new Carleman estimates are derived. These estimates lead to Hölder stability estimates and uniqueness results for both that retrospective problem and its generalized version. Hölder stability estimates characterize the dependence of the error in the solution of the retrospective problem from the error in the input data.
Social media influencers play a critical role in building emotional connections between followers and brands, however evolving digital trends have reshaped what audiences value in online personalities. Grounded in persuasion theory, this study examines the characteristics of travel influencers that inspire followers’ decision-making process and enhance perceived value. A sample of 510 was collected from adults residing in the United States. Using PLS-SEM, the results showed that relatability and coolness simultaneously stimulate inspiration and strengthen emotional attachment, thereby shaping travel planning and visit intentions. Relatability exerts the strongest influence on emotional connection, while self-disclosure also positively affects attachment. Moderation analysis revealed that trust strengthens only the relationship between self-disclosure and emotional attachment; specifically, that self-disclosure is more influential when trust is low but less impactful once trust is established. Theoretically, the findings refined influencer models by positioning trust as an outcome of affective persuasion. Practically, the results can guide destinations in leveraging relatable, cool, and authentic influencers to engage audiences effectively.
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a primary fiber crop of the globe, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Growth and development of crops are severely affected by climate change effects, especially drought and heat stress. Conventional breeding efforts have been practiced, incorporating heat and drought stress tolerance from tolerant crop genotypes or related tolerant crop species, which take many years until the development reaches the farmers’ fields. Biotechnological innovations have made the process of genetic improvement fast, and even genes from unrelated crop species can be transferred to cotton in order to make it tolerant to deteriorating environmental stresses brought by climate change. In this review article, the consequences of heat and drought stress on cotton crops and their management options through biotechnological innovations like gene transformation, gene editing, epigenetic modifications, and their limitations are discussed. Overall, the objective of this review is to present a comprehensive analysis of biotechnological innovations aimed at heat and drought stress tolerance in cotton, along with future research thrusts.
Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of overlapping abiotic stresses, making cross-tolerance a critical component of plant resilience. While single stress responses have been extensively characterized, plants in natural and agricultural environments frequently encounter simultaneous or sequential stresses such as drought-heat, light-drought, and drought-salinity, which trigger nonadditive and often unpredictable physiological outcomes that vary with stress intensity, timing, and species. This review synthesizes current understanding of the mechanisms underlying cross-tolerance, emphasizing how contradictory signals, stress timing, and physiological integration shape plant responses under combined stress. We highlight how stomatal regulation, leaf energy balance, hydraulic function, and photosynthetic processes, including PSII stability and Rubisco activase activity, interact to determine stress vulnerability. At the biochemical level, osmotic adjustment, redox buffering, and hormone-mediated signaling networks reprogram metabolism so that the plant allocates resources to protection and damage repair rather than to just growth. We further discuss how stress memory, priming, and shared signaling pathways such as reactive oxygen species, abscisic acid, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades contribute to enhanced tolerance across stress types. Finally, we examine the implications of cross-tolerance for crop improvement, including breeding strategies, genomic selection, genome editing, and emerging technologies such as nanopriming and high-throughput phenotyping. Bridging the gap between controlled environment studies and field performance remains a major challenge, underscoring the need for multi-stress field trials and integrative breeding pipelines. Together, these insights provide a framework for developing climate-resilient crops capable of withstanding the complex stress environments of future agriculture.
To raise capital, entrepreneurs must persuasively communicate the relevant aspects of their venture to investors. Given the critical resource needs for new ventures, scholars have committed significant effort toward studying entrepreneurial communications. We take stock of this research by reviewing the literature on persuasive communications in entrepreneurship investment settings. Our review covers more than 100 published papers. We code and analyze papers based on major themes, sub-themes, theories, measurements, context, journals, and other central factors. We then present an integrative visual process model that maps and connects the overall body of research. We find that published papers in this area leverage an array of lenses and methods and focus on discrete sub-topics. This variance has functioned as a catalyst for the broad literature that has emerged on entrepreneur’s persuasive communications. However, we also find that topics within this literature have developed in silos, providing considerable room for future integration. To conclude our article, we discuss a research agenda that can motivate future scholarship. This review is particularly timely amid rapid changes in the investment landscape, such as the growth of AI-integrated communication tools, new funding modalities, and record levels of new venture formations. In recent years, entrepreneurs’ persuasive pitches have rapidly evolved due to novel platforms, new technology tools, and changing investor preferences. Yet research on entrepreneurs’ persuasive communication remains fragmented in silos—our review uncovers why breaking these barriers could advance research on startup funding success. Our review synthesizes more than 100 published papers on how entrepreneurs communicate persuasively to secure investment, identifying key themes like investor decision criteria, entrepreneur cues (e.g., passion or demographics), and message adaptations (e.g., linguistic styles). We also reveal that less than 5
