This study evaluates an entrepreneurial networking program by the Strascheg Center for Entrepreneurship (SCE) in Munich, aimed at helping students to explore and experience the local start-up ecosystem. A longitudinal study with 37 undergraduates (40.5% female, M age = 22.97, SD = 2.78) from 12 countries assessed outcomes at three intervals: pretest, posttest, and 6-month follow-up. Measures included gender, role models, entrepreneurial knowledge, self-efficacy, and intention. Paired sample t -tests showed significant gains in knowledge (Hedge’s g = 0.87), self-efficacy ( g = 0.35), and intention ( g = 0.24). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed sustained self-efficacy improvements, with knowledge, intention, and grit remaining high. These results suggest entrepreneurial self-efficacy is trainable and that intentions and behaviours are stable over time. Qualitative analysis indicated expanded entrepreneurial networks, with some participants maintaining active connections after 6 months. The findings emphasize the value of experiential learning and networking in entrepreneurship education and support further program development and research.
Introduction: B3-lesions of the breast are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, associated with a higher risk of breast cancer. Recent studies show a low upgrade rate into malignancy after subsequent open surgical excision (OE) of most B3-lesions when proven by vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB). However, there is a lack of long-term follow-up data after VAB of high-risk lesions. The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate whether follow-up of B3 lesions is a beneficial and reliable alternative to OE in terms of long-term outcome. The secondary aim was to identify patient and lesion characteristics of B3 lesions for which OE is still necessary. Methods: This retrospective multicenter study was conducted at 8 Swiss breast centers between 2010 and 2019. A total of 278 women (mean age: 53.5 ± 10.7 years) with 286 B3-lesions who had observation only and who had at least 24 months of follow-up were included. Any event during follow-up (ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS], invasive cancer, new B3-lesion) was systematically recorded. Data from women who had an event during follow-up were compared with those who did not. The results for the different B3 lesions were analyzed using the t test and Fisher’s exact test. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The median follow-up interval was 59 months (range: 24–143 months) with 52% (148/286) having a follow-up of more than 5 years. During follow-up, in 42 women, 44 suspicious lesions occurred, with 36.4% (16/44) being invasive cancer and 6.8% (3/44) being DCIS. Thus, 6.6% (19/286) of all women developed malignancy during follow-up after a median follow-up interval of 6.5 years (range: 31–119 months). The initial histology of the B3 lesion influenced the subsequent occurrence of a malignant lesion during follow-up (p < 0.038). The highest malignancy-developing rate was observed in atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) (24%, 19/79), while all other B3-lesions had malignant findings ipsi- and contralateral between 0% and 6%. The results were not influenced by the VAB method (Mx-, US-, magnetic resonance imaging-guided), the radiological characteristics of the lesion, or the age or menopausal status of the patient (p > 0.12). Conclusion: With a low risk of <6% of developing malignancy, VAB followed by long-term follow-up is a safe alternative to OE for most B3-lesions. A higher malignancy rate only occurred in ADH (24%). Based on our results, radiological follow-up should be bilateral, preferable using the technique of initial diagnosis. As we observed a late peak (6–7 years) of breast malignancies after B3-lesions, follow-up should be continued for a longer period (>10 years). Knowledge of these long-term outcome results will be helpful in making treatment decisions and determining the optimal radiological follow-up interval.
A Surgically Treated Depression Abstract. We present a 64-year-old patient with an unclear deterioration of her general condition due to a suspected depression. Despite antidepressive treatment, her condition further deteriorated. The CT/MRI of the skull showed a cerebellar tumor as well as a hydrocephalus obstructivus. Together with tumor staging, the histology, which revealed a hemangioblastoma, led to the diagnosis of VHL syndrome. Patients with VHL syndrome and their families should be included in a screening program, unless molecular genetic testing has ruled out the disease.
Der akute Schmerz ist eines der Leitsymptome, aufgrund derer sich Patienten in Notaufnahmen vorstellen. Deshalb stellen Analgesie und Analgosedierung ein zentrales Element der Akutversorgung da. Um eine suffiziente Analgesie zu gewährleisten, ist neben einer frühzeitigen objektiven Einschätzung der Schmerzen auch eine gute Kenntnis über Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen der eingesetzten Medikamente notwendig, um eine zielgerichtete Therapie ohne Zeitverzögerung einleiten zu können.
We present a condition for 1/2 degree of freedom for each user in constant K-user single-antenna interference channels. This condition is sufficient for all and necessary for almost all channel matrices. Moreover, it applies to all channel topologies, i.e., to fully-connected channels as well as channels that have individual links absent, reflected by corresponding zeros in the channel matrix. Moreover, it captures the essence of interference alignment by virtue of being expressed in terms of a generic injectivity condition that guarantees separability of signal and interference. Finally, we provide codebook constructions achieving 1/2 degree of freedom for each user for all channel matrices satisfying the condition we identified.
