Karagandy State University (Kazakh: Қарағанды мемлекеттік университеті, Qarağandy memlekettık universitetı) named after E. A. Buketov is a university in Karagandy, Kazakhstan, founded in 1972.Karaganda State University is the second university in the history of Kazakhstan, and it is one of the largest universities in the country.KSU, being a classical university, has an important social and cultural mission. According to the traditions of classical universities, the university maintains high level and fundamental character of higher education. Karaganda State University is one of the leaders in education, science and culture of Kazakhstan. The prestige of Karaganda State University named after E.A. Buketov is confirmed by international cooperation. Different public universities, home and foreign institutes work as its partners..
The objective of this research is to identify challenges associated with adapting the regulatory mechanisms employed in common law jurisdictions for resolving corporate disputes to the specific legal framework of Kazakhstan. The methodological foundation of this study rests on technical, legal, and comparative legal approaches to analyze the fundamental principles underpinning legislative regulations in the realm of corporate (business) legal relations. This paper examines the practices employed in common law, civil law, and mixed legal systems for regulating relevant legal matters. Additionally, it explores the experience of non-common law countries in adopting elements of case law systems that are not native to their legal traditions. Against the backdrop of the ongoing convergence of legal systems, elements of case law are increasingly being integrated into the mechanisms of corporate dispute resolution in countries with civil and mixed legal systems (France and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)). In Kazakhstan, this process meets obstacles caused by the lack of a clear definition of corporate law. The application of common law procedures and elements in Kazakhstan remains a relatively niche phenomenon, primarily confined to the operations of the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) court.
With the advancement of technological innovations, there emerges the opportunity to manage relationships between parties through the execution of smart contracts, based on blockchain technology, presented as a decentralized system of distributed ledger comprising a network of computers connected to a single server. The primary objective of this research was to identify issues in the legal regulation of smart contracts. The methodological framework of the study includes institutional and comparative legal methods. The study encompasses the theoretical context and the experience of Kazakhstan. Within the scope of the research, an analysis of the current state of legislation regulating the implementation of smart contracts in Kazakhstan and abroad was conducted. Legal mechanisms for regulating legal relationships arising from the conclusion of smart contracts were identified. Challenges related to the legal regulation of smart contracts as a form of civil-law agreement were also examined. It was noted that despite the increasing popularity of smart contracts, their legal regulation is virtually absent both in global practice and in the context of Kazakhstan. The research findings suggest that currently, in most countries, there is no regulatory framework for implementing smart contracts. Despite the advantages of smart contracts, their use also raises legal issues concerning the determination of legal validity and jurisdiction, as well as the need to ensure legal protection for all participants. The study demonstrated the potential of using smart contracts in contractual relationships provided that corresponding legislation is developed. The results of this research can be utilized to improve legal regulation in the fields of contractual activities, banking law, intellectual property, and many related legal areas, as well as for the purposes of the fintech industry.
A probabilistic–deterministic design of experiments (PDDoE) approach was employed to optimize laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) parameters for the quantitative determination of minor components in lead-based alloys. The PDDoE optimization identified 18 J laser pump lamp energy, 1 µs delay, and 1 µs exposure as optimal conditions, minimizing spectral dispersion (5–8%) and ensuring stable plasma formation. The acquired spectra were subsequently processed in an R-based automated workflow, where Linear, Lasso, and Ridge regression models were used to establish quantitative relationships between normalized line intensities and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) reference data. The resulting models demonstrated high accuracy (R2 = 0.97 for Sn, 0.985 for Sb, 0.982 for Bi, 0.919 for As, and 0.905 for Ag), with prediction errors (RMSE) below 10% and limits of quantification (LOQ) under 0.05 wt.%. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to 43 historical (19th–20th century) and technogenic samples (19th–20th century) allowed us to isolate clusters of Pb–Sb alloys corresponding to secondary accumulator materials, alongside a diffuse group of nearly pure Pb specimens containing variable minor impurities. The combined PDDoE–LIBS–R analytical framework provides a reproducible, non-destructive, and chemometrically validated methodology for the quantitative characterization and classification of archeological and industrial lead alloys.
В статье рассмотрены современные вызовы и проблемы, связанные с обеспечением эффективности системы государственного управления городским транспортным комплексом в условиях ускоренной урбанизации и роста численности населения в Казахстане. Проведён статистический анализ динамики пассажирооборота на примере Казахстана в целом и Карагандинской области. С использованием методов сравнительного и количественного анализа рассчитаны абсолютные изменения, темпы роста и среднегодовые темпы роста (CAGR), что позволило выявить устойчивую негативную динамику показателей, особенно в постпандемийный период. Показано, что основной спад пассажирооборота наблюдается в 2020 году, что обусловлено влиянием пандемии COVID-19, с последующим медленным восстановлением. Определены ключевые факторы, сдерживающие развитие городской транспортной системы: недостаточная институциональная координация, ограниченные финансовые ресурсы, слабая интеграция различных видов транспорта, низкий уровень цифровизации, а также отсутствие стратегического планирования на региональном уровне. На основе анализа международного опыта развития транспортных систем выявлены лучшие практики, адаптируемые для условий казахстанских городов. Проведён сопоставительный институционально-функциональный анализ, на основе которого разработаны рекомендации по совершенствованию государственной политики в данной сфере. В качестве приоритетных направлений предложены: развитие цифровой инфраструктуры, внедрение интегрированных систем управления, усиление роли стратегического планирования, расширение практики государственно-частного партнёрства и повышение финансовой устойчивости транспортных проектов. Полученные результаты имеют практическое значение для разработки программ устойчивого развития городского транспорта, повышения качества жизни населения и обеспечения экономической активности в городах Казахстана. The article examines contemporary challenges and issues related to ensuring the effectiveness of public administration in the urban transport system under the conditions of rapid urbanization and population growth in Kazakhstan. A statistical analysis of passenger turnover dynamics is conducted, using Kazakhstan as a whole and the Karaganda region as case studies. Based on comparative and quantitative methods, absolute changes, growth rates, and compound annual growth rates (CAGR) were calculated, which revealed a persistent negative trend in indicators, particularly during the post-pandemic period. The analysis shows that the most significant decline in passenger turnover occurred in 2020, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by a slow recovery. Key factors constraining the development of the urban transport system were identified: insufficient institutional coordination, limited financial resources, weak integration of different transport modes, a low level of digitalization, and the absence of strategic planning at the regional level. Based on an analysis of international experiences in transport system development, best practices adaptable to the context of Kazakhstani cities were identified. A comparative institutional and functional analysis was carried out, leading to the development of policy recommendations aimed at improving the public governance of urban transport. Priority areas include the development of digital infrastructure, the implementation of integrated management systems, strengthening the role of strategic planning, expanding the use of public-private partnerships, and enhancing the financial sustainability of transport projects. The findings have practical relevance for designing sustainable urban transport development programs, improving the quality of life for citizens, and supporting economic activity in Kazakhstan’s urban areas.
