Krishnagar Government College, established in 1846, is the oldest college in Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal . It offers undergraduate courses in arts and sciences and also some postgraduate courses. At first the college was under the affiliation of University of Calcutta. Presently it is affiliated to University of Kalyani (KU), National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) and University Grant Commission (UGC).
Plant-mediated synthesis of zinc chalcogenides (ZnX; X = S, Se, and Te) are emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical routes with enhanced functionality for diverse technological applications. This review critically examines the synthesis, formation mechanisms, physicochemical characteristics, and emerging applications of plant-mediated zinc chalcogenide nanomaterials in the field of environmental remediation and therapeutics, with particular emphasis on the role of phytochemicals as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. The reviewed studies demonstrated that the plant-mediated approaches enabled the production of ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe nanoparticles often with controlled morphology, improved biocompatibility, and reduced environmental impact compared with traditional synthetic methods. Such fabrication approach also afforded a scope for structural defect engineering and band gap modulation that significantly modified their optoelectronic properties and surface reactivity. Thus, these tailored properties have made them appreciably suitable for the photodecomposition of pollutants, environmental monitoring as well as proficient in antimicrobial and anti-tumour applications. However, significant limitations remain, including variability in plant extract composition, poor reproducibility, inadequate mechanistic understanding, challenges in large-scale production, scarcity of standardized synthesis protocols and biosafety issues. The novelty of this review lies in providing the first comprehensive and comparative assessment of plant-mediated zinc chalcogenides, integrating synthesis strategies, phytochemical mechanisms, structure–property relationships, biohazard concerns, current challenges and future prospects. By highlighting the current knowledge gaps and standardization problems, this review provides a roadmap for the development of reproducible, scalable, and sustainable nanotechnology
A series of bifunctionalized styrene molecules have been prepared by dithiocarbamylation of alkynyl bromides under catalyst and additive free condition. Freshly prepared dithiocarbamic acid reacts with alkynyl bromide under metal‐free condition following a concerted process to produce alkynyl‐dithiocarbamate intermediate as revealed from computational studies of the mechanism. Concerted nucleophilic substitution at C(sp)‐center occurs through a 3‐atom centered transition state. Neighboring‐group‐assisted addition of dithiocarbamic acid to the alkynyl‐dithiocarbamate intermediate furnishes stereoselectively Z‐styrenyl‐1,2‐bis dithiocarbamate compounds. The protocol is tested on gram‐scale synthesis and explored on substrates containing bioactive moieties.
Riverine islands (chars) are highly dynamic geomorphological entities that are formed through net erosion-accretion, creating environments of both opportunity and vulnerability. This study investigates a major tropical river island created by the Ganga River, India, to explore how geomorphological evolution interacts with settlement phases (initiation, growth, de-settlement and re-settlement), social structures and processes. Multi-temporal satellite image analysis (1990–2025) and field-based socio-economic surveys (2017–2025) show that Nirmal Char changed dramatically, largely due to continuous floods and erosion. This instability directly leads to fragile livelihoods, precarious land tenure, and repeated displacement of households. Fertile alluvial soils sustain agriculture, but repeated flooding and bank erosion erode both physical resources and social resilience. Most households live in temporary or semi-permanent settlements, reflecting the precariousness of life in a flood-prone landscape. Social structures—family systems, marriage patterns, education, and government’s role—are profoundly affected by these hazards, with recurrent floods exacerbating poverty, delaying marriage, encouraging migration, and reducing opportunities for social mobility. At the level of social processes, the study finds contrasting patterns: intrapersonal, intra-individual, group, and intergroup processes are often characterized by empathy, cooperation, and mutual assistance during times of crisis, while competition, land conflicts, and power struggles also affect the social process. Thus, flooding and erosion act not only as ecological drivers of geomorphological change but also as regulators of community organization, resilience, and conflict. By revealing how geomorphological instability regulates social life, it provides important insights for disaster risk reduction, flood control, and sustainable development in fragile river environments. Thus, the insights of the present study would be helpful not only for the study region, but also for similar tropical regions at global scale.
Visual impairment (VI) and cognitive impairment (CI) are growing public health challenges among older adults, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India. This study examined the association between objectively measured near and distance VI and cognitive performance using data from 27,521 individuals aged 60 and above from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) Wave I (2017-18). Cognitive function was assessed across five domains, and vision was evaluated using standardized visual acuity tests. Survey-weighted linear regression analyses revealed a significant, independent, and dose-response association between both near and distance VI and lower cognitive scores across all domains. These associations remained robust after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors. The findings highlight the potential of addressing vision impairment as a modifiable risk factor to mitigate cognitive decline and dementia among India's aging population.
