Error-correcting codes are crucial to ensure data reliability in communication systems often affected by transmission noise. Building on previous successful applications of our heuristic method degenerate quantum simulated annealing (DQSA) to Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) and quadratic residue (QR) codes. This paper proposes two algorithms designed to address two coding problems for Goppa codes. DQSA-dmin computes the minimum distance (dmin) while DQSA-Dec, serves as a hard decoder optimized for additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. We validate DQSA-dmin comparing its computed minimum distances with theoretical estimates for algebraically constructed Goppa codes, showing accuracy and efficiency. DQSA-dmin further used to find the optimal Goppa codes that reach the lower bound of dmin for linear codes known in the literature and stored in Marcus Grassl's online database. Indeed, we discovered 12 Goppa codes reaching this lower bound. For DQSA-Dec, experimental results show that it obtains a bit error rate (BER) of 10-5 when SNR=7.5 for codes with lengths less than 65, which is very interesting for a hard decoder. Additionally, a comparison with the Paterson algebraic decoder specific to this code family shows that DQSA-Dec outperforms it with a 0.6 dB coding gain at BER=10-4. These findings highlight the effectiveness of DQSA-based algorithms in designing and decoding Goppa codes.
In the 21st century, schools are increasingly called upon to address not only students’ academic achievement but also their mental well-being and moral growth. This shift responds to the rising concerns about mental health issues among students, which can manifest in violent behaviors, substance abuse, delinquency, academic failure, and school dropout. In the Moroccan educational context, mental health education remains underrepresented in school curricula, and character education is often overlooked as a means to address these challenges. This study aims to investigate how character education can contribute to mental health promotion through examining the influence of learning and practicing values on reducing negative student behaviors, and assessing how character modeling by teachers can enhance students’ social-emotional competencies. To achieve these objectives, a mixed-methods design was adopted, combining quantitative data from questionnaires administered to 450 students with qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 40 teachers across secondary schools in diverse Moroccan regions. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS, while qualitative data were processed with NVIVO. Findings reveal that character education significantly improves students’ mental health, fostering empathy, emotional regulation, social awareness, and self-management. Schools that actively promote character education report lower rates of aggression, absenteeism, and disengagement. However, the study identifies a lack of institutional support and structured teacher training as key barriers to effective implementation. The study concludes that integrating character education into school practices and teacher training programs offers a sustainable pathway to enhancing student well-being and advancing the quality of education in Morocco.
Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis , was the most economically important fungal disease worldwide, particularly in temperate and humid areas. The purpose of this review is to summarize the biology and the epidemiology of V. inaequalis , its infection strategies and survival tactics, and its climate-driven epidemic dynamics. Special attention is given to the constraints posed by fungicide resistance and pathogen flexibility as well as the role of climate change in shaping disease distribution and severity. Recent developments in the improvement of host resistance such as gene pyramiding, marker-assisted selection (MAS) and CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing have been critically reviewed. In addition, integrated strategies including cultural, chemical, biological, and biotechnological strategies are described and emphasized as effective, alternative strategies for reducing the dependency on fungicides. Novel developments such as predictive modeling, artificial intelligence, and deep learning applications may provide promising methods for early detection, disease prediction, and control strategies improved at several levels. This review attempts to direct future research and practical action toward sustainable management of apple scab of global food safety and orchard sustainability significance.
Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is one of the most damaging fungal diseases affecting rice production worldwide, with major implications for food security and agroecosystem stability. Chemical control, particularly the use of tricyclazole, has been widely adopted in many rice-growing regions due to its specific action on the pathogen’s melanin biosynthesis pathway. This review compiles and analyzes findings from in vivo field studies conducted in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America to assess the agronomic efficacy, environmental risks, and sustainability of tricyclazole-based treatments. Results consistently show that tricyclazole provides effective protection against both leaf and panicle blast, contributing to improved plant health and enhanced grain yield. However, long-term reliance on this fungicide presents challenges, including the potential development of pathogen resistance, residue accumulation in rice grains and soil, and ecotoxicological impacts on non-target organisms in integrated rice–aquatic systems. The review emphasizes the importance of integrated disease management approaches that combine fungicides with genetic resistance, crop rotation, optimized fertilization, and ecological practices. Special attention is given to sustainability issues, highlighting the need for the rotation of active ingredients, residue monitoring, and ecological risk assessments. By providing a balanced perspective on both the benefits and limitations of tricyclazole, this paper supports more informed decisions in rice disease management and contributes to the transition toward more resilient and environmentally responsible agricultural systems.
