Monitoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes is essential for addressing global biodiversity decline. Emerging remote sensing and artificial intelligence technologies enable large-scale, low-impact and cost-effective assessments. This chapter provides a concise review of remote sensing applications for farmland biodiversity monitoring, structured around the Essential Biodiversity Variable framework. We examine plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms, and their habitats in productive and semi-natural areas. Spaceborne and airborne sensors effectively assess agroecosystem structure and functioning, and detect plants and large mammals with distinct spectral or phenological traits. UAV imagery and camera traps offer higher resolution for monitoring smaller or cryptic species. Remote sensing also supports indirect methods, such as species distribution modeling, to infer the occurrence of species that are difficult to detect. Key challenges include technological, methodological and operational limitations. Integrating multi-platform data, establishing shared benchmarks, and broadening taxonomic coverage, supported by policy incentives and farmer-friendly technologies, are essential for scaling biodiversity monitoring and promoting sustainable strategies that reconcile conservation with agricultural production.
This study explores the differences and similarities between migrant and non-migrant entrepreneurs in Norway to enhance the design of migrant-specific entrepreneurship support programmes (MSPs) using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), our findings reveal greater-than-expected in-group heterogeneity and between-group homogeneity, challenging existing literature. In other words, the differences between transnational and non-transnational entrepreneurs are more prominent than the ones between migrants and non-migrants. Within the group of migrant entrepreneurs, we see that those generally exhibit more transnational activity and less access to host-country networks and finance, while non-migrants have more diverse ventures. Notably, some migrants could benefit from joining open support programmes (OSPs) alongside non-migrants, and many do not need deep host-country embeddedness due to their transnational business focus. These insights can refine MSP designs, better aligning them with migrant entrepreneurs' needs. Future research should build on these findings through larger-scale quantitative studies and assess ES programmes across various political and cultural contexts.
Syn-orogenic detachment faults exhuming extensional shear zones are ever-present features in orogenic settings on Earth. Kinematic and fluid-flow models for brittle detachment faults paired with crystal-plastic shear zones continue to evolve alongside new data and techniques. Evidence for meteoric water infiltrating the frictional-viscous transition zone in detachment-related shear zones has survived revisions of these models, but the extent and influence of meteoric-hydrothermal circulation is not fully understood. Kinematic analysis and delta H-2 values of syn-kinematic micas from nine transects through the <6-0 Ma footwall shear zone of the Cordillera Blanca Detachment in the Peruvian Andes explore patterns of fluid flow during shear zone initiation and evolution at a previously unattained resolution. delta H-2 values reveal a pervasive pattern of meteoric water infiltration into the frictional-viscous transition zone across the detachment. Gradients in delta H-2 values reveal that fluid infiltration follows patterns of anataxial magmatism and the distribution of syn-kinematic fractures within and across the shear zone. Cumulatively, a three-dimensional assessment of the footwall shear zone of the Cordillera Blanca Detachment indicates that fluid infiltration into the frictional-viscous transition zone is spatially heterogeneous and correlated with the style of shear zone initiation and strain localization. Observed variability of fluid-rock interaction across the Cordillera Blanca Detachment highlights the importance of assessing for spatial heterogeneity when quantifying or qualifying fluid activity in meteoric-hydrothermally modified detachment faults.
Abstract Background Stigma related to individuals with mental health problems is a relevant global public health issue. Values, as guiding principles, influence attitudes and behaviors, thus potentially informing the social functions of stigma. Aim: To provide a comprehensive overview and synthesis of quantitative evidence on values and belief systems studied in association with mental health stigma. Preregisteration in PROSPERO. Methods To match conceptual vagueness and provide a starting point for future research, a scoping review was performed. A systematic search across multiple databases without publication year restrictions was performed, and the results were synthesized according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies checklist. A quality appraisal was conducted as per adapted Cochrane Collaborations´ suggested inclusions. Results A total of 49 original studies published in English or German were included after full-text screening and synthesized into five value clusters: cultural, political, religious/spiritual, personal and milieu-specific dimensions. Across studies, we observed a heterogeneous operationalization of value dimensions, which complicated comparability and synthesis. Overarching trends are illustrated graphically; e.g. conservative values are consistently associated with greater stigma, although they must be read as preliminary and do not allow for causal explanations. Conclusion There is a growing interest in contextual aspects such as values studied in association with stigma towards people living with mental health problems. Future research should focus on refining conceptual frameworks and validating value-sensitive approaches that help fuel a deeper understanding of the contextuality of stigma functions.
Aim: Biodiversity is increasingly threatened by human impacts. While abiotic conditions are well known to shape species richness, the role of human activities remains less clear. We examined how abiotic and human factors influence terrestrial and limnic species richness in a densely populated region with a long land-use history. Location: Germany. Time Period: 1900-2023 (varies by taxonomic group). Major Taxa Studied: Mammals, breeding birds, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, butterflies, dragonflies, fungi, vascular plants. Methods: Species richness data were aggregated in 11 & times; 11 km grid cells and related to abiotic (climate, soil) and human drivers (land use, protection status). We applied a two-step approach: (1) Boosted Regression Trees (BRTs) to select relevant predictor variables and (2) Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) to test their effects, accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Results: Land-use and climate were similarly important for species richness (26% vs. 21% in BRTs), while protection status and soil contributed less (8% and 9%). GAMs showed positive effects of temperature across many groups. Among land-use factors, human footprint, urban open spaces and water bodies consistently enhanced richness. Protected areas were positively related to richness, whereas soil variables had mixed effects. Main Conclusions: In Germany, species richness peaks not only in semi-natural, protected areas but also along water bodies and within settlement open spaces. These results suggest that conservation strategies should integrate both traditional protected areas and human-modified habitats that sustain high biodiversity.
