Lewis & Clark College is a private liberal arts college in Portland, Oregon. Originally chartered in 1867 as the Albany Collegiate Institute in Albany, Oregon, the college was relocated to Portland in 1938 and in 1942 adopted the name Lewis & Clark College after the Lewis and Clark Expedition. It has three campuses: an undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences, a School of Law, and a Graduate School of Education and Counseling.Lewis & Clark is a member of the Annapolis Group of colleges with athletic programs competing in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III Northwest Conference. As of Fall 2021, just over 2,000 students attend the undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences, with a student body from 54 countries and 47 U.S. states. The School of Law is best known for its environmental law program.Today, the three campuses and their supporting offices occupy the 137-acre (0.55 km2) campus, centered on the M. Lloyd Frank Estate on Palatine Hill in the Collins View neighborhood of Southwest Portland.S.S.S..
This constructivist grounded theory study explored how LGBTQ+ counselors (N = 12) understand their process of cultivating and integrating LGBTQ+ cultural competency and cultural humility in their work with LGBTQ+ clients. The findings of this study can inform future training, leading to better counseling outcomes for this population. The theory of LGBTQ+ counselor development of LGBTQ+CC and cultural humility emerged with five categories: (1) planting the seed; (2) cultivating the nutrient soil; (3) growth and expansion; (4) fruition; and (5) nourishment and remedies for dryness. The emerging theory offers a clear blueprint for the process of cultivation, integration, and application of LGBTQ+CC and cultural humility among LGBTQ+ counselors. The emerging theory in this study explicates the elements of cultural humility in practice, including lack of arrogance, embracing mistakes, and other-orientedness, with suggestions for both training and practice through the lens of the development of LGBTQ+CC and cultural humility.
Both the rate and timing of crop fertilizer application play an important role in agricultural productivity. However, inefficient fertilizer use can significantly increase production costs, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. To capture both the spatial heterogeneity and dynamic nature of this problem, we develop a multi-stage network production model, which links the sequential stages of crop growth within the overall crop production process. We use this framework to estimate nitrogen fertilizer application inefficiency and to determine the optimal rate and timing of fertilizer application. We apply this framework to wheat production at the field scale, using an agronomic simulation model calibrated to experimental data from Australia. Our results indicate that it is optimal to reduce the overall fertilizer application rate and to move away from the current practice of front-loading fertilizer in the initial stages of crop growth toward the intermediate stages. This can be achieved without compromising yields while also reducing nutrient losses.
Every self-governing organization needs a structure that ensures it can make the decisions necessary for its operation and preservation. These structures can range from a centralized authority entrusted with all decisions to a consensus-based model whereby all interested parties must agree before a decision is reached. This article describes why PULSE chose sociocracy, an inclusive form of governance based on consent of the governed. We describe the key features of sociocracy and explain how it has been valuable not only for ensuring a collegial atmosphere and effective decision-making among PULSE Fellows, but how it has affected the ways in which PULSE Fellows operate in their own spheres of influence. We propose that this form of governance can be used in a variety of settings to foster community, collaboration, and shared decision-making.
While community gardens have the potential to support biodiversity conservation, the social factors underlying gardeners' knowledge of biodiversity and its role in supporting garden management is less understood. We consider how demographics and educational experiences of community gardeners contribute to their knowledge of arthropod ecological roles in urban agriculture. We conducted an online survey that assessed gardener abilities to view images of arthropods and correctly classify them to one of the three ecological roles: pollinator, herbivore, and natural enemy. The survey asked about gardener demographics and educational experiences that shape how gardeners understand the ecological roles of arthropods. We learned that gardeners are highly knowledgeable about arthropod ecological roles in gardens, correctly classifying 71-83% of arthropod images as pollinators, herbivores, and natural enemies. Female gardeners more often correctly classified pollinators, and those who had participated in a Master Gardener program (with the University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources) more often correctly classified herbivores and natural enemies. We reflect on past work exploring gender and ecosystem management and consider the specific features of Master Gardener training that may explain our findings. Finally, we consider whether identifying ecological roles of arthropods is necessary to support diverse ecosystem service-providing gardens.
