Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was initially identified as an enzyme that deacetylates histones and suppresses gene activity. Since then, its roles have expanded considerably, and it is now recognized as a multifunctional protein conserved across various organisms. Despite increasing interest, it remains essential to clarify how exercise-induced changes in SIRT1 counteract multiple hallmarks of aging, as well as the full scope of SIRT1’s impact on different physiological systems. This review highlights recent findings on the short- and long-term effects of exercise on SIRT1 signaling in both rodents and humans during aging. We explore the molecular pathways activated in various tissues, providing insight into the specific biological functions of SIRT1 within aging cells. Optimal levels of SIRT1 help maintain homeostasis and a biochemical environment conducive to healthspan, influencing biological processes such as mitochondrial dynamics, metabolic pathways, tissue remodeling, autophagy, inflammatory responses, and redox balance. This indicates that SIRT1, a pleiotropic molecule, orchestrates multiple responses throughout aging. SIRT1 may act as a dynamic sensor for exercise benefits and protect against aging by maintaining genomic integrity. Different exercise protocols (acute and chronic) and modalities (aerobic, resistance, and combined training) can increase mRNA levels, activity, or protein levels of SIRT1 in various vital organs (adipose tissue, hippocampus, heart, liver, bone, and skeletal muscle) of aged animals and older adults, promoting health. Taken together, these observations support the notion that SIRT1 functions as a potential exerkine, and understanding its role in exercise-induced adaptations offers new insights into non-pharmacological strategies to enhance longevity.
As battles over transgender rights play out at the local level, this study offers the first large-scale analysis of religion and U.S. local government officials' views on key transgender rights policies. Drawing on our 2023 national probability sample of U.S. municipal, county, and school district officials, we examine officials' attitudes toward policies related to restroom access and gender markers on driver's licenses. We find that religious affiliation, religiosity, biblical literalism, and Christian nationalism are significantly associated with officials' opposition to transgender rights policies. Other attributes, such as party identification, age, gender, and sexual orientation, are also linked to officials' policy views. Our findings underscore how certain religious affiliations, behaviors, and beliefs are associated with resistance to transgender rights in local communities, offering new insights into the relevance of religion to today's culture wars. The findings also hold implications for street-level bureaucracy theory.
This study examines the association between competitive threats to firms’ major customer relationships and real earnings management (REM). Using the presence of customer-connected peer firms (CCPs) to measure competitive threats, we document a positive association between CCP presence and REM. The CCP/REM association strengthens with poorer external monitoring and financial reporting readability, weakens when firms have major government customers, and is robust to the inclusion of multiple measures of product market competition. Difference-in-differences analysis shows that firms with CCPs decrease their use of REM following CCP bankruptcy filings, which supports our claim that CCP presence motivates REM practices. Additional tests show that REM becomes less responsive to CCP threats when there are higher numbers of CCPs, and REM decreases terminations of major customer relationships involving CCP-shared customers. Our findings are consistent with firms using REM to favorably influence major customer perceptions of their relationship with the firm when customers engage with multiple suppliers.
The present study utilized data from the 2017 Educator Quality of Work Life Survey (EQWLS). The EQWLS was distributed through the American Federation of Teachers and the Badass Teachers Association to document educators' experiences regarding their well-being, working conditions, and stressors. We found that the extent to which teachers feel respected is a significant predictor of their likelihood of remaining in the profession. Specifically, feeling respected by supervisors, coworkers, students, and parents was a significant predictor of remaining in the profession when controlling for all demographic variables, including teacher race and gender, after controlling for stress and a sense of safety, suggesting that respect may be a particularly salient and important dimension of teacher retention efforts.
We consider quantum gravity corrections to the maximum entropic force that arise from several gravitational uncertainty principles. These include the Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP), the Extended Uncertainty Principle (EUP), the Generalized Extended Uncertainty Principle (GEUP), and the Linear-Quadratic GUP (LQGUP). We find that the modified entropic force depends on the dimensionless parameters of the uncertainty principles and, thus, on the underlying quantum gravity theory. Furthermore, the entropic force, which is quantum gravity corrected in the framework of the extended uncertainty principles, also depends on the number of Planck areas that made the “EUP area".
