The effect of ozone-air pretreatment (OAP) on the performance and environmental characteristics of the 153FMI gasoline carbureted engine, Hyundai Tuscon III D4HA/Series R, and Komatsu 4D92L-1B59B diesel engines was investigated in this paper. The experiments were conducted using acoustic analysis of engine operation and exhaust smoke analysis. The tests were conducted at a temperature of 25°C and a relative air humidity of 47%, including engine operation on AI-92 gasoline and summer diesel fuel under various modes: idling, accelerating, and running at nominal speed. Initially, a test start and warm-up of the engine were performed without ozone supply. Then, a repeated start was performed and performance characteristics were recorded with OAP introduced into the system. The use of OAP in the 153FMI gasoline engine led to a significant improvement in the starting process. Starting time was reduced, on average, from 8 strokes (without OAP) to starting from the first crankshaft revolution. In idle mode, stabilization of operation was observed: fewer misfires and a more uniform acoustic signal. The effect of ORP on the Komatsu 4D92L-1B59B diesel engine resulted in reduced exhaust smoke. Average smoke (based on ten measurements) decreased from 5.7% (without ORP) to 2.3%. Furthermore, improved diesel engine performance and increased throttle response were observed. The obtained results demonstrate the positive impact of ORP on the performance of internal combustion engines. Analysis showed that the use of ORP promotes more efficient combustion of the airfuel mixture. Further research is aimed at assessing the impact of ORP on power performance, environmental performance (CO, CH, NOx emissions), fuel efficiency, and optimizing ozone injection parameters.
Chlorophyll fluorescence of the «Antonovka ordinary» apple skin was studied under excitation with light at a maximum wavelength of λв = 470 nm and fluorescence emission in the spectral region with a maximum wave-length of λи = 685 nm for 120 s using a JY3CS spectrophotometer (Jobin Yvon, France). The apple transpira-tion was also analyzed based on weight loss. An attachment to the JY3CS spectrofluorimeter was developed for measuring apple surface fluorescence. The most preferred indicators of apple ripeness are the (Fm-Fo)/Fm and Fm indices, associated with the photosynthetic activity of chlorophyll and its content in apple skin. Changes in these indices are subject to periodic processes. Depending on the harvesting time, signifi-cant fluctuations in transpiration rates are observed in the orchard. For example, on August 24, a rate of over 0.3 g% per day was observed, while on September 4 and 5, it was approximately 0.05 g%. As apples ripen, their maturity indices decrease, and the periodic changes in the indices of photosynthetic activity of apple skin chlorophyll and their transpiration during ripening allow us to predict the optimal time for apple harvesting. A relationship has been demonstrated between the chlorophyll content in apple skin, measured by the Fm value, and the development of apple scald during storage. The influence of chlorophyll on scald is 37%.
This study refines the application of the Eberhart–Russell method for assessing the environmental plasticity of apple cultivars in the Tambov Region, Russia. The analysis covers classical and contemporary approaches to genotype–environment interaction, including the methods of S. Eberhart and W. Russell (1966), G. Tai (1971), S. P. Martynov (1989), and R. A. Udachin (1990), all of which are based on multiple nonlinear regression. Their methodological strengths, limitations, and constraints are evaluated in relation to fruit crops, which are characterized by long developmental cycles and age-dependent yield dynamics. Previous applications of these approaches to fruit and berry crops across different regions of Russia are also summarized. Modifications to the Eberhart–Russell method are introduced that provide a more precise characterization of cultivar responses to specific weather conditions in individual growing years. These modifications enhance the treatment of combined weather effects and plant age when calculating environmental indices. The approach was tested in 2022–2025 using four widely cultivated apple cultivars (Berkutovskoye, Bogatyr, Lobo, and Spartan) grown under production conditions in the Tambov Region and evaluated using standard horticultural techniques. The results demonstrated substantial inter-cultivar differences in plasticity (regression coefficient bi) and stability (variance of deviations Si2). The lowest responsiveness to improved growing conditions was observed for Berkutovskoye (bi = 0.701) and Bogatyr (bi = 0.682). In contrast, Spartan combined high sensitivity to environmental improvement with the greatest stability (bi = 1.687; Si2 = 24.141). The findings indicate that the proposed modifications provide an accurate quantitative assessment of cultivar responses to environmental factors, and further refinement of stability models is required to incorporate inter-environment differences.
эффективная реализация стратегии развития кооперации на территории Воронежской области является приоритетным направлением аграрной политики России. Целью государственной программы «Развития сельского хозяйства и регулирования рынков сельскохозяйственной продукции, сырья и продовольствия» является достижение значения индекса производства продукции сельского хозяйства в 2030 г. в объеме 114,6% от уровня 2020 г., достижение значения индекса производства пищевых продуктов в 2030 г. в объеме 114,7% от уровня 2020 г. Ключевой проблемой достижения указанных показателей на территории Воронежской области является неравномерность распределения выделенных денежных средств. Концентрация степени распределения бюджетных денежных средств между участниками позволили выявить диспропорции в региональной политике аграрного сектора Воронежской области. Методической основой послужили статистические данные получателей 19 сельскохозяйственных кооперативов на территории Воронежской области в 2023 году. В ходе исследования установлено, что на 26,3% участников, получивших государственную поддержку, приходится 78,3% от всех выделенных денежных средств в регионе, что указывает на высокую концентрацию финансовых потоков. Применение коэффициента Джини определило, что значение 0,66 вдвое превышает средний показатель по сельскому хозяйству России. 10% крупнейших кооперативов концентрируют 50,9% ресурсов в регионе, тогда как 7,8% кооперативов распределяют оставшиеся бюджетные средства. Можно отметить, что действующий принцип поддержки кооперативных форм нацелен на крупные инвестиционные проекты, что сдерживает развитие малых форм кооперативного движения Воронежской области. Выявленные противоречия создают необходимость корректировки региональной политики в сторону снижения коэффициента концентрации и эффективности распределения мер государственной поддержки. the effective implementation of the cooperation development strategy in the Voronezh Region is a priority area of Russia's agricultural policy. The goal of the state program “Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials, and Food Markets” is to achieve an agricultural production index of 114.6% in 2030 compared to 2020, and an index of food production of 114.7% in 2030 compared to 2020. The key problem in achieving these indicators in the Voronezh region is the uneven distribution of allocated funds. The concentration of budget funds among the participants has revealed disproportions in the regional policy of the agricultural sector in the Voronezh region. The study is based on statistical data from 19 agricultural cooperatives in the Voronezh region in 2023. The study found that 26.3% of the participants who received government support accounted for 78.3% of all allocated funds in the region, indicating a high concentration of financial flows. The application of the Gini coefficient revealed that the value of 0.66 was twice as high as the average for Russian agriculture. The top 10% of the largest cooperatives concentrated 50.9% of the region's resources, while the remaining 7.8% of cooperatives distributed the remaining budget funds. It can be noted that the current principle of support for cooperative forms is aimed at large investment projects, which hinders the development of small forms of cooperative movement in the Voronezh region. The identified contradictions create the need to adjust regional policy towards reducing the concentration ratio and the effectiveness of the distribution of state support measures.
INTRODUCTION. The research relevance is due to the need to study the linguistic means of representing one of the iconic mental units of the military conceptual sphere – the “soldier/fighter” concept, which is currently an integral part of the media space. The aim of the study is to describe the lexical representations of the “soldier/fighter” concept in the Russian linguistic picture of the world, to identify the features of its representation in modern newspaper discourse, as well as in the artistic (poetic) literature of the Soviet period and the present. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research material includes lexicographic sources: explanatory and aspect dictionaries of the Russian language, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia; publications of the “Argumenty i Fakty” and “Komsomolskaya Pravda” newspapers; a collection of poems about the Great Patriotic War by Soviet poets; A.T. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin”; collections of poetry of modern times devoted to the special military operation in Ukraine. Descriptive and comparative methods, the method of analyzing dictionary definitions of concept representatives, the method of functional and stylistic analysis of linguistic units, contextual analysis, the continuous sampling method, and the statistical method are used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The lexical-semantic, syntagmatic, paradigmatic and functional properties of the soldier and fighter lexemes, the main representatives of the concept of the same name, which is part of the “war” and “army” macroconcepts and reflects the Russian military worldview, are identified and described. CONCLUSION. The soldier and fighter lexemes are polysemic and share common semantics. The common Slavic fighter has been used in Russian since the 19th century, and the borrowing of soldiers has been used since the 17th century. The soldier has a highly expanded word-formation nest, as it has numerous derivatives. The fighter is part of the word-formation nest of the beat lexeme. In modern newspaper texts devoted to the special operation in Ukraine, the word fighter is the most frequent. The soldier is more often used in newspaper publications dedicated to the participants of the Great Patriotic War. Both words are widely represented in the poems of Soviet and modern poets of military subjects.
