Saratov State Vavilov Agrarian University

Introduction. Modern agricultural production is based on the use of resource-saving technologies for agricultural production. An important element of these technologies is the use of mineral fertilizers and special importance is given to the uniformity of applying them. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at improving the process of applying mineral and lime fertilizers through the development of a pneumatic centrifugal working body. Materials and Methods. For the theoretical studies, there were used the principles of mathematics and theoretical mechanics. The experimental studies were carried out at the testing ground of the Institute of Mechanics and Energy of Mordovia State University. The quality assessment of the operation of the unit equipped with experimental working bodies was carried out in accordance with GOST 28714-2007. Results. To better distribute mineral fertilizers of heterogeneous granulometric composition over the field surface, there has been proposed a working element, the operating principle of which is based on the total use of mechanical and pneumatic effects on the granules of the agricultural inputs. The use of the developed working bodies makes it possible to increase the uniformity of fertilizer application by 17.6%. Discussion and Conclusion. As a result of the conducted study, there has been proven the effectiveness of using the developed pneumocentrifugal working body, which makes it possible to increase the uniformity of distribution of mineral and lime fertilizers.

The purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of grazing methods on the indicators of vegetation and soil cover of pastures located in the semi-desert zone in the West of Kazakhstan.The experiment was carried out on 3 pastures with different grazing methods, and a reference plot with no grazing served as a control variant.Transects measuring 100*50 m were laid on pastures, where all regime observations of herbage indicators were carried out.Soil samples were taken in layers of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm with 3-fold repetition.The lowest indicators of yield (0.38 t/ha), projective coverage (45%), species composition (12 pieces), and herbage height (22 cm) were established on pastures with intensive grazing.Intensive grazing also reduced the quality of the soil, where a low content (0.83 percent) and reserves of humus (34.19 t/ha) and phosphorus (0.65 mg/100g) were found, and the soil compacted to 1.38 g/cm 3 , its structure decreased to 53.15%, the soil degraded to the 3rd degree and became moderately solonetzic.High values of vegetation and soil cover indicators were obtained on pastures with rotational grazing.In the rotational grazing variant, the yield difference compared to the control variant amounted to 0.41 t/ha, and the yield of feed units (0.07 t/ha), digestible protein (0.011 t/ha), and exchange energy (1.08 GJ/ha) had increased.A higher content of available phosphorus (0.95 mg/100g of soil), agronomically valuable structural aggregates (67.55%), a looser density (1.24 g/cm 3 ), and weak salinity were found in the soil cover of rotational grazing pastures.

In studies aimed at expanding the range of the organic farming system, the authors studied the comparative productivity of such field crops like barley and safflower cultivated with the use of traditional and biologized technologies. The use of biological preparations and organic biofertilizers of the latest generation was studied as a biologized technology on barley and safflower crops. As shown by the experimental data, with the biologized technology in the conditions of the zone in question, the yield of barley increased by 27.02% compared to traditional technologies, the harvest of protein increased by 0.02 t/ha, and the energy value by 2.25 GJ/ha. In this work, it was concluded that the use of the biologized technology of barley and safflower cultivation was important to improve the efficiency of agricultural landscape management in the system of organic farming, which constitutes the scientific novelty of the study.

We carried out the research in 2020–2021 in Western Kazakhstan on medium-loamy dark chestnut soils. The purpose of the research is to identify changes in physico-chemical, biological parameters of soil cover, productivity, and quality of safflower (Carthamus tincforius L.) under the influence of different technologies of agrarian landscape shaping, for rational management of organic agrocenoses. The field experiments showed that in the conditions of Western Kazakhstan, the use of the biologized technology of organic farming increases the yield of safflower in comparison with the traditional technology by 26.66–35.38%, with a high oil content of 30.0–39.95%. The phytoameliorative role of safflower in improving agrophysical, agrochemical, and biological parameters of dark chestnut soils is proved.