Typical drug administration methods are often limited by low bioavailability, lack of specificity in biodistribution, rapid systemic clearance and dose-dependent toxicity, which adversely impact both the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the patient. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been heralded as potential solutions to various challenges that are simply inherent in conventional methods of drug treatment, for instance, the capacity to administer drugs in a controlled release manner, enhancing stability and targeted delivery to very specific sites. In this review, a more detailed and in-depth discussion of the different categories of nanoparticle systems will be presented. For example, organic nanoparticles (liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and nanoemulsions), inorganic nanoparticles (iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots and gold nanoparticles) and hybrid systems that integrate multifunctional design features. Besides, the various mechanisms through which targeted delivery is achieved have been very thoroughly brought up in the paper. These mechanisms are passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, active ligand-mediated targeting through receptor-ligand interactions and also, pH, redox, enzyme, temperature and external field stimuli responsive systems. Various important synthesis methods include nanoprecipitation, high-pressure homogenization, microfluidics and green synthesis while some of the important characterization methods entail dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, zeta potential analysis and drug loading efficiency analysis. In addition to descriptive classification, other translational factors such as scalability, batch reproducibility, protein corona formation, biodistribution variability, long-term safety and regulatory issues that affect clinical applicability are highlighted in this review. Although, a few nanoparticle formulations have been allowed by regulatory bodies, numerous potential platforms are limited by the challenge of the complexity of manufacturing and poor consistency in vivo. The future outlooks point at the necessity of standardized characterization schemes, enhanced predictive in vivo protocols, incorporation of precision medicine schemes and rational design schemes that would compromise between multifunctionality and clinical attainability. It will not be possible to generalize the use of nanoparticle-based drug delivery without not only innovative material engineering but also a realistic correspondence with biological and regulatory constraints to provide meaningful therapeutic translation. This review summarizes the recent developments that are recorded mainly within the 2018–2025 period, with notable changes in the priorities of assessing translational effectiveness, regulation and design of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles and nanomaterials have restructured the arena of targeted drug delivery to provide unprecedented manipulation of drug localisation, release kinetics and intracellular fate. The ability of their tunable properties, size, shape, charge and surface functionality and responsiveness to biological or external cues, allows them to surmount most of the inherent constraints of traditional therapeutics.
Because water is needed more around the world, new ways of using solar stills, a type of sustainable desalination, should be created to improve their performance. This review looks at how reflectors work in several types of solar stills to improve the overall performance. Inclined solar stills that have top and bottom reflectors had the highest water productivity of 4.2 kg m−2, and water generated from PV-solar stills with reflectors and cooling was much higher than before, showing a 40.98
Climate variability accelerates moisture induced deterioration, concrete carbonation, reinforcement corrosion, and biological colonization in building envelopes across tropical, semi-arid, and coastal Nigerian bioclimatic zones. While hygrothermal modeling and pathology assessments advance, empirical links between climatic stressors, material degradation, and rehabilitation outcomes remain scarce in developing contexts. This study investigates hygrothermal behavior and degradation pathways, including carbonation kinetics, chloride induced corrosion, biological colonization, and moisture driven pathologies, across Nigeria’s three zones. It emphasizes diagnostic methods and adaptive rehabilitation under variability. Mixed methods included 908 surveys from pathology specialists, conservation experts, and managers in coastal (Niger Delta), semi-arid (Kaduna), and tropical (Cross River) zones. Analyses comprised descriptive statistics, chi square tests, correlations, multiple regression, and thematic analysis of 847 open ended responses. Policy constraints (β = − 0.29, p < 0.001) and ecological uncertainty (β = − 0.21, p < 0.001) hindered decisions, while institutional support (β = 0.34, p < 0.001) and adaptive governance (β = 0.27, p < 0.001) improved management. Model R² = 0.49. Zone specific pathologies: coastal chloride corrosion (68.3
Nigeria is undergoing a rapid epidemiological transition marked by a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) alongside persistent communicable diseases. This shift poses substantial challenges for population health, health system capacity, and socioeconomic development. This review aims to synthesize contemporary epidemiological evidence on the burden of NCDs in Nigeria, with emphasis on prevalence, mortality, disability adjusted life years (DALYs), temporal trends, and major risk factors. A structured narrative review was conducted using 127 peer reviewed articles and 15 national or authoritative reports (total N = 142 sources) sourced from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, African Journals Online, World Health Organization publications, and Global Burden of Disease studies published between January 2000 and December 2025. From 142 included sources (127 peer reviewed articles; 15 grey literature reports), we identified substantial heterogeneity in NCD prevalence estimates, with hypertension ranging from 18.6
The aviation industry is increasingly using deep learning and machine learning models to improve the prediction and prevention of security threats. Many studies have proposed advanced methods to detect prohibited items in X-ray security images. However, there is still no clear agreement on how these models should be evaluated and ranked when many performance criteria are considered together. Therefore, this paper presents an integrated Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM) framework. The framework constructs a decision matrix by crossing 12 models (combining InceptionV3 with twelve supervised machine learning classifiers) with 7 evaluation criteria. Entropy method is used to determine objective weights for the evaluation criteria. After that, TOPSIS, VIKOR, and EDAS are adopted to rank the Models based on calculated weight values. The Entropy results revealed that Precision is the most influential criterion with a weight value of 0.1483. The ranking results showed that the InceptionV3-Naive Bayes (M1) achieved the best performance according to TOPSIS with a c_i value of 0.9814 and also according to VIKOR with a Q value of 0.0132. In contrast, the InceptionV3–Logistic Regression (M7) obtained the highest rank using the EDAS method with a score of 0.9904. The variations in selecting the best ranked model back to the methods’ assumptions and characteristics. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to test the stability of the rankings when the criterion weights change. The results indicated that VIKOR is more stable than TOPSIS and EDAS. The proposed framework can provide useful insights for the aviation industry, security administrators, researchers and practitioners.
