Moringa oleifera leaves have long been used in conventional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including fever and sore throat. The close relationship between plants and human health has promoted the development of plant-based therapies, such as pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements, thereby advancing traditional medicine and adding value to agriculture. In the present study, novel thiadiazole, Schiff base, and tetrazoline derivatives (H1, H2, and H3) were synthesized from nitrile-containing precursors obtained from the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. The synthesis involved the reaction of the nitrile compound with thiourea in the presence of glacial acetic acid to form a heterocyclic thiadiazole intermediate, followed by condensation with an aromatic aldehyde to yield Schiff bases, and subsequent reaction with sodium azide to produce tetrazoline derivatives. The synthesized compounds were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), melting point determination, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The biological activities of derivatives H1–H3 were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and the fungal strain Candida albicans. Compared with standard drugs—ciprofloxacin for antibacterial activity and ketoconazole for antifungal activity—compound H3 exhibited superior antibacterial and antifungal activities. In addition, H3 demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity relative to ascorbic acid. POM analysis was further employed to identify promising pharmacophore sites within the synthesized compounds, highlighting their potential for pharmaceutical applications.
Several studies linking periodontitis and ocular diseases have been conducted over recent years, but the full extent of this relationship has not yet been established. Careful analysis of available data is required to explore the nature of the association and to develop an understanding of the possible biological mechanisms connecting periodontitis with ocular diseases. Accordingly, this review aimed to investigate reported relationships and explore biological mechanistic links between periodontitis and ocular diseases. A comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, yielded 231 papers of which 26 met the eligibility criteria used for evidence synthesis. Periodontitis represents a source of elevated inflammatory cytokines and systemically translocated oral pathobionts in the circulation, which may negatively affect distant organs and systemic disease states, potentially including ocular diseases. Periodontitis is likely to be associated with a significantly higher prevalence of multiple ocular diseases. Current evidence is insufficient to establish a causal link between periodontitis and ocular diseases, but it provides a foundation for high-quality, large-scale, multi-center prospective cohort studies and clinical trials to further explore the underlying biological mechanisms.
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide and continues to pose significant challenges due to its heterogeneity and complex interactions with the immune system. Recent advances in tumor immunology have revealed that progression is not solely driven by malignant epithelial cells but is profoundly influenced by immune regulation within the tumor microenvironment. This review synthesizes current knowledge on classical immune players while emphasizing novel insights into emerging immune cell populations including regulatory B cells, tumor-associated neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells that contribute to immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and metastatic dissemination. In parallel, attention is directed toward non-classical immune checkpoints such as IDO1, IL4I1, VISTA, and TIGIT, which mediate immune escape through metabolic and signaling pathways distinct from the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. The review further explores the clinical implications of these discoveries, highlighting the potential of combination therapies that integrate immune checkpoint inhibitors with metabolic modulators, the development of immune-based biomarkers for predicting progression, and the promise of personalized immunotherapy in aggressive breast cancer subtypes. Future directions emphasize the importance of multi-omics approaches, regional immune profiling, and translational strategies to bridge laboratory findings with clinical application. By consolidating these emerging perspectives, this work provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the evolving role of immune regulation in breast cancer progression and outlines pathways for advancing therapeutic innovation.
In the current study, the photoelectrocatalytic activity of Gr/Sb-SnO2 photoanode was improved by doping with Bi and Ni. The effects of doping bismuth and nickel at different molar ratios on the catalytic activity of Gr/Sb-SnO2 photoanode were studied. SEM, XRD, and LSV techniques were utilized to identify the structure and performance of the prepared photoanodes. The best type of photoanode was applied for tetracycline (TC) removal using a photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) process, and several parameters affecting TC degradation were investigated. These are initial TC concentration, current density, and pH, which were optimized by employing a response surface methodology (RSM). It was observed that Gr/Bi-Ni-Sb-SnO2 (5:5:5:95) is an ideal photoanode for degrading TC and combining Bi and Ni with SnO2 resulted in the formation of coherent deposits with the best photocatalytic activity when they are shared at the same doping ratio. RSM based on Box-Behnken design was found to be efficient in clarifying the mathematical relation between TC removal efficiency and PEC variables with a correlation coefficient of 99.15%. A substantial relationship was observed between the operational variables in the PEC process and TC removal efficiency, in which the quadratic term made a significant contribution to the model. Furthermore, the main factor influencing TC degradation was the initial concentration of TC. The preferred conditions were a current density of 6.78 mA/cm2, an initial TC concentration of 40 mg/L, and a pH of 3, in which a TC removal of 80% was achieved, corresponding to 61.7% as COD removal during 150 min. In this case, the total energy consumption was 73.3 kWh/m3 in terms of TC concentration and 121.72 kWh/m3 in terms of COD removal. A significant enhancement effect was observed in the PEC system, where its rate constant was 1.26 times higher than that observed in the photocatalytic process. Moreover, the Gr/Bi-Ni-Sb-SnO2 (5:5:5:95) photoanode displayed good stability after five cycles of PEC operation. Results confirmed that Gr/Bi-Ni-Sb-SnO2 (5:5:5:95) can be utilized as a beneficial photoanode for treating pharmaceutical wastewaters.
Because water is needed more around the world, new ways of using solar stills, a type of sustainable desalination, should be created to improve their performance. This review looks at how reflectors work in several types of solar stills to improve the overall performance. Inclined solar stills that have top and bottom reflectors had the highest water productivity of 4.2 kg m−2, and water generated from PV-solar stills with reflectors and cooling was much higher than before, showing a 40.98
