Bio-created metallic nanoparticles with polymer composites have gained increased importance owing to their ability to improve the thermomechanical properties of polymers without compromising their environmental footprint. In this study, the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the thermal conductivity and hardness of Bio-AgNPs/EP nanocomposites was investigated. The synthesized Bio-AgNPs were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, AFM, and SEM. Up to 30 wt% Bio-AgNPs were loaded into an epoxy matrix, and some samples of epoxy-based nanocomposites with 5, 10, and 20 wt% Bio-AgNPs were treated with doses of electron-beam radiation from 25 to 200 kGy. The synthesized Bio-AgNPs exhibited a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure with a surface plasmon resonance band at 404–407 nm. The optical band gap increased from 2.45 to 2.73 eV as the synthesis temperature was raised from 70 to 80 °C, which improved the formation of nanoparticles. The thermal conductivity gradually increased as the Bio-AgNP loading increased and was enhanced by approximately 22% at 30 wt% Bio-AgNP loading, and the hardness showed an enhancement of around 255% with the increase in loading of Bio-AgNP. Electron beam irradiation also enhanced the composite performance, with the highest hardness achieved at 20 wt% Bio-AgNPs/EP nanocomposite with 75 kGy irradiation dose and a gradual decrease in the hardness was observed at higher irradiation dose. The results show that the Bio-AgNP reinforcement method developed using green synthesis and optimized EBI treatment can produce high-performance epoxy nanocomposites with promising thermal management and engineering applications.
This study reports the synthesis of a series of oxazepine derivatives via a condensation reaction between amines and various benzaldehyde derivatives, using benzene as the solvent. The resulting intermediates were subsequently reacted with pyridine-5,7-dione anhydride in dry benzene to afford oxazepine derivatives (H1–H6). The synthesized compounds were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Reaction progress was monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant activity of compounds H1–H6 was evaluated and compared with that of vitamin C. In addition, molecular docking studies were performed for selected compounds (H1, H4, and H6) against tyrosinase (PDB ID: 3NM8) to identify optimal binding sites and evaluate interactions with neighboring residues. The docked complexes exhibited RMSD values of 1.16, 1.40, and 1.30 Å for H1, H4, and H6, respectively. Among the tested compounds, H4 showed the highest binding affinity, in good agreement with the experimental results. Overall, the synthesized oxazepine derivatives demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, warranting further in vivo investigation.
In this work, a plasma jetting technique was used to create iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs). The best exposure duration for gas-sensing applications was determined by analyzing the effects of plasma exposure times (8 min, 12 min, 16 min, 20 min, and 24 min) on the structural, optical, and morphological characteristics. Ferric oxide phases, Fe3O4 and Fe2O3, were formed at 33.2° and 35.7° angles, according to X-ray diffraction. As the duration of plasma exposure increased, crystallinity improved. The structure of the nanoparticles changed from clumped aggregates at low exposure intervals (8 min) to regular particles with increasing plasma exposure time, according to scanning electron microscopy. Iron and oxygen were found at 61.42
AIM:Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks targeted therapies and demonstrates heterogeneous outcomes. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are candidate prognostic biomarkers that reflect the tumor immune microenvironment. This study evaluated the prognostic value of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells, with emphasis on granulysin (GNLY) and granzyme B (GZMB), in TNBC. MATERIALS & METHODS:We combined NanoString immune gene profiling with whole-slide immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a TNBC cohort (n = 155). Quantitative and spatial analyses were performed to assess CTL and NK cell infiltration and their associations with clinicopathological features and survival outcomes. RESULTS:High TIL density (≥10%) and elevated CTL-NK scores (≥2) correlated with lower tumor stage, absence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and favorable immune subset ratios (all p < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, absence of LVI, high CD4+ and CD8+ infiltration, and CTL-NK score ≥2 independently predicted improved disease-free survival (DFS; hazard ratio [HR] range 0.45-0.62, all p < 0.05). CD4+ infiltration demonstrated the strongest prognostic effect, while CD8+ infiltration and the CTL-NK score also conferred independent benefit. CONCLUSION:Quantitative and spatial assessment of CTL and NK infiltration provides independent prognostic information in TNBC. The CTL-NK score can be integrated into routine pathology and may refine risk stratification, supporting personalized immunotherapy strategies.
In the present investigation, culture A. niger was used for the biosynthesis of CuO-NPs using mango (Mangifera indica) leaves aqueous extract. This method of green synthesis is simple, more environment friendly and easy to scaled up. The obtained CuO-NPs were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TEM, EDX and DLS to evaluate their structure, morphology, elemental composition, and particle size distribution. These findings verify the generation of spherical, crystalline CuO-NPs with an average size of 35.1 nm. The biosynthesized plant-based CuO-NPs showed potential antimicrobial and catalytic, with the higher concentration (till 6.0 mg/mL) having effect better the effect. When used for wastewater treatment, under solar light, the NPs exhibited superior decolorization with a performance of 80.1 ± 1.5% at 6.0 mg/mL after 250 min, which is better than the 61.3 ± 1.3% observed in the dark. Moreover, the physicochemical parameters, viz., (TSS), (TDS), (COD) and (BOD) were also decreased significantly by 90.93%, 82.59%, 91.2% and 82.65%, respectively in the best process condition. Also the concentrations of heavy metals (cobalt, Co; lead, Pb; nickel, Ni; cadmium, Cd; and hexavalent chromium, Cr (VI)) were significantly reduced up to 69.9%, 79.7%, 75.0%, 77.0%, and 91.2%, respectively. Antimicrobial analysis demonstrated the CuO-NPs at the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 100, 25, 100, 100, 25, and 50 μg/mL against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, correspondingly. To sum up, mango leaf mediated synthesis of CuO-NPs acts as potent antibacterial agent as well as a catalyst for the wastewater treatment so as to their application in sustainable treatment of industrial effluent.
