Midnapore College

Since the discovery of graphene, researchers have searched for scalable and cost-effective ways to use its special electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Traditional two-dimensional graphene performs well, but it has problems. The sheets restack. Binders are required. The fabrication steps are complex and often need chemicals or high temperatures. These issues reduce its usefulness in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). Laser induced graphene (LIG), introduced in 2014 by direct laser writing on polyimide, offers a strong alternative. It allows fast and simple production of porous and conductive three-dimensional graphene structures. LIG keeps the key benefits of graphene, such as high conductivity, large surface area, and mechanical flexibility. It also allows easy control of the structure by adjusting laser settings and can be integrated with many substrates. These strengths have boosted the development of LIG based TENGs for wearable devices, environmental monitoring, and biomedical uses. This review outlines the growth of LIG research, fabrication methods, design strategies, and various potential applications in LIG enabled TENGs. It also discusses current challenges and future opportunities, showing the rising importance of LIG as a sustainable and efficient electrode material for triboelectric energy harvesting.

The modern supply chain faces multiple challenges such as growing environmental concerns and increasing product quality, particularly in industries which dela with deteriorating items. This study introduces a novel framework that incorporates several carbon emission policies into an imperfect production system aimed at reducing deterioration and carbon emissions for a single vendor multiple-buyers supply chain. To enhance the storage conditions on product quality and environmental sustainability, two different kinds of technologies are incorporated: low-carbon and preservation. This study aims to optimize inventory decisions regarding pricing, different types of investments, production rate, inventory cycle time, and the number of production batches in order to maximize supply chain profit and simultaneously reduce emissions. Based on different carbon emission policies four different models are formulated and these problems are solved with the help of different solution algorithms. Due to the nonlinear nature of the formulated models, a metaheuristic optimization technique is incorporated alongside the traditional approach. For better comparative analysis, a numerical example is demonstrated with the help of two different approaches. It can be concluded that the goat search algorithm (GSA) performs better than the traditional approach (TA) for both economically and environmentally. The result shows that the model under without carbon policy, carbon tax, carbon cap-and-trade, and carbon cap-and-offset policy obtained respectively, 6

Viruses are non-cellular entities universally found in all forms of life, from bacteria to humans. Their profound influence has been highlighted by numerous pandemics throughout history, with the COVID-19 pandemic underscoring their significant impact on our lives, health systems, and economies. Beyond causing disease, viral genes are prevalent in our genomes, raising questions about their evolutionary role. A significant portion of the human genome consists of viral DNA, remnants of ancient infections that have become part of our genetic makeup. This incorporation has profoundly impacted our development and biology. Describing viruses as ‘kingmakers in evolution’ underscores their deep influence on evolutionary processes. Throughout Earth’s history, viruses have shaped genetic diversity, adaptation, and the survival of organisms by driving genetic innovation. They facilitate horizontal gene transfer, introducing new genetic material and enabling the emergence of novel traits and adaptations. Viruses have also contributed to key biological developments, such as the mammalian placenta, likely influenced by endogenous retroviruses. Additionally, the evolutionary arms race between viruses and hosts has spurred the development of sophisticated immune systems. This review explores the multifaceted role of viruses in origin and evolution, beyond their role as pathogens. By examining their impact on genetic diversity, adaptation, and the emergence of new traits, we can better understand how viruses have shaped life on Earth and continue to influence our biological destiny.

The purpose of this article is to look at how corporate governance attributes (gender diversity, independence, size, audit committee meetings) and the CSR sustainability committee affect corporate sustainability practices. The article uses a dynamic panel data regression analysis covering a period of 2010-11 to 2021-22 to investigate how these governance attributes influence ‘environmental, social, and governance [ESG]’ performance, using data from several databases. The outcomes of a dynamic panel regression analysis using GMM show that audit committee meetings and CSR sustainability committees have a significant positive impact on the ESG score. In addition, key control variables such as age, profitability, and liquidity have a positive impact on corporate sustainability practices. However, leverage is found to have a negative impact on ESG performance. These findings imply that stakeholders should be well-informed before investing in long-term debt because a bad decision may eventually lead to a decrease in the corporation’s ESG reporting and practices. The report also exhorts policymakers to carefully consider the role of independent directors because too much independence could unintentionally harm corporate sustainability initiatives. As a result, this study provides valuable information to policymakers and corporate decision-makers seeking to improve ESG practices.

We study the late-time cosmological dynamics of a two-field dark-energy model consisting of a canonical quintessence scalar field and a phantom scalar field in a spatially flat Friedmann-Lema & icirc;tre-Robertson-Walker universe. The fields are minimally coupled to gravity and uncoupled at the level of the potential, with the quintessence sector governed by an exponential potential and the phantom sector by an inverse power-law potential. By reformulating the background equations as a five-dimensional autonomous dynamical system, we identify and analyze the fixed points and their stability properties, revealing stable late-time attractors corresponding to phantom-dominated accelerated expansion. We confront the model with observations through a Bayesian parameter estimation performed using the Cobaya framework, employing several combinations of recent cosmological datasets, including Pantheon+ supernovae, compressed cosmic microwave background distance priors, DESI DR2 baryon acoustic oscillation measurements, and DES year-5 supernova data. The observational constraints favor a dynamical dark-energy sector moderately and are consistent with deviations from a cosmological constant at the present epoch. The regions of parameter space preferred by the data are compatible with the stable accelerating solutions identified in the dynamical analysis, establishing a direct connection between phase-space stability and observational viability. A notable feature of the model is that the effective dark-energy equation of state undergoes phantom divide crossing in a gradual and asymptotic manner, rather than as a sharp transition.