Midnapore College

Since the discovery of graphene, researchers have searched for scalable and cost-effective ways to use its special electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Traditional two-dimensional graphene performs well, but it has problems. The sheets restack. Binders are required. The fabrication steps are complex and often need chemicals or high temperatures. These issues reduce its usefulness in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). Laser induced graphene (LIG), introduced in 2014 by direct laser writing on polyimide, offers a strong alternative. It allows fast and simple production of porous and conductive three-dimensional graphene structures. LIG keeps the key benefits of graphene, such as high conductivity, large surface area, and mechanical flexibility. It also allows easy control of the structure by adjusting laser settings and can be integrated with many substrates. These strengths have boosted the development of LIG based TENGs for wearable devices, environmental monitoring, and biomedical uses. This review outlines the growth of LIG research, fabrication methods, design strategies, and various potential applications in LIG enabled TENGs. It also discusses current challenges and future opportunities, showing the rising importance of LIG as a sustainable and efficient electrode material for triboelectric energy harvesting.

The modern supply chain faces multiple challenges such as growing environmental concerns and increasing product quality, particularly in industries which dela with deteriorating items. This study introduces a novel framework that incorporates several carbon emission policies into an imperfect production system aimed at reducing deterioration and carbon emissions for a single vendor multiple-buyers supply chain. To enhance the storage conditions on product quality and environmental sustainability, two different kinds of technologies are incorporated: low-carbon and preservation. This study aims to optimize inventory decisions regarding pricing, different types of investments, production rate, inventory cycle time, and the number of production batches in order to maximize supply chain profit and simultaneously reduce emissions. Based on different carbon emission policies four different models are formulated and these problems are solved with the help of different solution algorithms. Due to the nonlinear nature of the formulated models, a metaheuristic optimization technique is incorporated alongside the traditional approach. For better comparative analysis, a numerical example is demonstrated with the help of two different approaches. It can be concluded that the goat search algorithm (GSA) performs better than the traditional approach (TA) for both economically and environmentally. The result shows that the model under without carbon policy, carbon tax, carbon cap-and-trade, and carbon cap-and-offset policy obtained respectively, 6

Viruses are non-cellular entities universally found in all forms of life, from bacteria to humans. Their profound influence has been highlighted by numerous pandemics throughout history, with the COVID-19 pandemic underscoring their significant impact on our lives, health systems, and economies. Beyond causing disease, viral genes are prevalent in our genomes, raising questions about their evolutionary role. A significant portion of the human genome consists of viral DNA, remnants of ancient infections that have become part of our genetic makeup. This incorporation has profoundly impacted our development and biology. Describing viruses as ‘kingmakers in evolution’ underscores their deep influence on evolutionary processes. Throughout Earth’s history, viruses have shaped genetic diversity, adaptation, and the survival of organisms by driving genetic innovation. They facilitate horizontal gene transfer, introducing new genetic material and enabling the emergence of novel traits and adaptations. Viruses have also contributed to key biological developments, such as the mammalian placenta, likely influenced by endogenous retroviruses. Additionally, the evolutionary arms race between viruses and hosts has spurred the development of sophisticated immune systems. This review explores the multifaceted role of viruses in origin and evolution, beyond their role as pathogens. By examining their impact on genetic diversity, adaptation, and the emergence of new traits, we can better understand how viruses have shaped life on Earth and continue to influence our biological destiny.

Compositionally tunable II-VI semiconductor alloys offer a powerful platform for correlating structural evolution with electronic functionality, however such relationships remain insufficiently explored in solution processed systems. Here we report a comprehensive composition resolved investigation of wurtzite CdS1-xSex nanorods (0 <= x <= 1) synthesized via a facile one pot solvothermal route, establishing direct links between alloy stoichiometry, microstructural anisotropy, bandgap modulation, and visible light photocatalytic performance. X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of homogeneous substitutional solid solutions obeying Vegard type lattice expansion, while detailed microstructural analysis reveals pronounced anisotropic crystal growth, with the [002] direction consistently exhibiting larger crystallite size, reduced dislocation density, and lower microstrain compared to the [100] direction, an effect that is maximized at intermediate compositions. Optical absorption and photoluminescence measurements demonstrate continuous bandgap tunability across the visible spectrum, driven by controlled anion substitution and nanoscale confinement. The functional implications of this structural and electronic interplay are highlighted through visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin, where CdS0 & sdot;8Se0.2 exhibits optimal activity, achieving the highest degradation rate constant and lowest electrical energy per order. This superior performance arises from an optimization balance between enhanced visible light absorption, favorable band edge alignment, and defect assisted charge carrier separation. These results elucidate the fundamental origins of anisotropic crystal growth and alloy driven lattice modulation in CdSSe nanorods, and demonstrate compositional engineering as a robust route for tailoring light driven functional performance in solution processable semiconductor nanomaterials.

We study the late-time cosmological dynamics of a two-field dark-energy model consisting of a canonical quintessence scalar field and a phantom scalar field in a spatially flat Friedmann-Lema & icirc;tre-Robertson-Walker universe. The fields are minimally coupled to gravity and uncoupled at the level of the potential, with the quintessence sector governed by an exponential potential and the phantom sector by an inverse power-law potential. By reformulating the background equations as a five-dimensional autonomous dynamical system, we identify and analyze the fixed points and their stability properties, revealing stable late-time attractors corresponding to phantom-dominated accelerated expansion. We confront the model with observations through a Bayesian parameter estimation performed using the Cobaya framework, employing several combinations of recent cosmological datasets, including Pantheon+ supernovae, compressed cosmic microwave background distance priors, DESI DR2 baryon acoustic oscillation measurements, and DES year-5 supernova data. The observational constraints favor a dynamical dark-energy sector moderately and are consistent with deviations from a cosmological constant at the present epoch. The regions of parameter space preferred by the data are compatible with the stable accelerating solutions identified in the dynamical analysis, establishing a direct connection between phase-space stability and observational viability. A notable feature of the model is that the effective dark-energy equation of state undergoes phantom divide crossing in a gradual and asymptotic manner, rather than as a sharp transition.