The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has since played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, ranking it among the top academic institutions in the world. Founded in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. The institute has an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6 km) alongside the Charles River, and encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the Bates Center, and the Haystack Observatory, as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes. As of December 2021[update], 98 Nobel laureates, 26 Turing Award winners, and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty members, or researchers. In addition, 58 National Medal of Science recipients, 29 National Medals of Technology and Innovation recipients, 50 MacArthur Fellows, 80 Marshall Scholars, 41 astronauts, 16 Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force, and numerous heads of states have been affiliated with MIT. The institute also has a strong entrepreneurial culture and MIT alumni have founded or co-founded many notable companies. MIT is a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU) and has received more Sloan Research Fellowships than any other university in North America..S.S.S.
The internationalization of emerging market firms (EMFs) has attracted substantial research attention. Yet, how EMFs engage in diversification and innovation during internationalization remains underexplored. Drawing insights from a geographic relational perspective, we perform a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) on a sample of EMFs. Our findings suggest that EMFs can choose from multiple equifinal internationalization pathways to capture growth opportunities in diversification and/or innovation. These new insights emphasize that achieving diversification or innovation requires a combination of organizational contextuality, international path dependence, and geographic practice attributes. We further develop a taxonomy of five EMFs’ geographic relational configurations for diversification and/or innovation: entrenching specialist, niche explorer, global adapter, transnational agent, and strategic aspirant. Overall, by unleashing the power of configurational analysis, this paper reveals what is behind the intriguing internationalization of EMFs with a focus on diversification and innovation.
BACKGROUND: Sex and gender differences are often overlooked in research design, study implementation and scientific reporting, as well as in general science communication. This oversight limits the generalizability of research findings and their applicability to clinical practice, in particular for women but also for men. This article describes the rationale for an international set of guidelines to encourage a more systematic approach to the reporting of sex and gender in research across disciplines. METHODS: A panel of 13 experts representing nine countries developed the guidelines through a series of teleconferences, conference presentations and a 2-day workshop. An internet survey of 716 journal editors, scientists and other members of the international publishing community was conducted as well as a literature search on sex and gender policies in scientific publishing. RESULTS: The Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines are a comprehensive procedure for reporting of sex and gender information in study design, data analyses, results and interpretation of findings. CONCLUSIONS: The SAGER guidelines are designed primarily to guide authors in preparing their manuscripts, but they are also useful for editors, as gatekeepers of science, to integrate assessment of sex and gender into all manuscripts as an integral part of the editorial process.
Here we use a large language model for the exploration of chemical space of transition metal complexes (TMCs), fine-tuning the open-source Llama-3.2-1B model with a variation of the SMILES string representation tailored for coordination chemistry. We identify several key molecular properties that are critical to produce valid TMCs which we use for prompt engineering, creating TMC-Llama models that generate unique, novel, and structurally validated TMCs at high success rates, and exceeding the performance of both standard benchmarks as well as state-of-the-art generative methods in the literature. We use the pydentate workflow to show that the TMC-Llama model generates new TMC chemistries that are physically realistic, synthetically plausible, and geometrically consistent with large datasets of known experimental TMCs. Our study lays the groundwork for future TMC-Llama generative model applications to discover new TMCs for functional materials for catalysis, photochemistry, medicine, and sustainability technologies.
Sustaining volunteers' resilience and commitment is crucial for public and non-profit organizations. Based on job demands - resources theory, this study examines the effect of job demands on the commitment of volunteers and the extent to which resilience and job autonomy mediate and moderate this link. The results of a three-wave study of 504 volunteers in China during a crisis show a positive relationship between job demands and the development of resilience, which is positively associated with commitment. Our moderated mediation analysis suggests that high job autonomy combined with hindrance-type demands enhances volunteers' commitment by fostering higher levels of resilience.
This chapter argues that innovation is evolving because the economy is evolving – specifically that as the economy transitions from a substrate of industrial to digital technologies, then the institutions of innovation become increasingly decentralized. A key feature of this evolutionary transformation is the growing significance of the innovation commons and toolkits for user innovation (Allen and Potts 2016, Potts and Davidson 2016a, 2016b; von Hippel 2016; Potts 2019, 2020; Berg et al 2019a). However, this also means that innovation policy needs to adapt, and in a particular way. We need new institutions for innovation in a digital economy. Innovation policy should be redesigned to enable us to get to these new institutions.
