Naresuan University (NU) (Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร, pronounced [mā.hǎː.wít.tʰā.jāː.lāj nā.rēː.sǔa̯n]) is a government university in Phitsanulok Province, northern Thailand. It was established as a separate university on 29 July 1990, the 400th anniversary of the start of the reign of Phitsanulok-born King Naresuan the Great. A courtyard with a statue of King Naresuan is on the campus grounds and students regularly pay their respects before it. The university has about 20,000 full-time students..
We use the Hermitian bilinear form to explore unitary matrices over the finite field Fq2. We demonstrate that any square matrix over Fq2 can be expressed as a sum of these unitary matrices. We study the sum of orthogonal matrices over this field in further detail. Any A∈Mn(Fq2) when char(Fq)≠2 can be expressed as a sum of at most 8n2 or 16n2 orthogonal matrices depending on whether n is even or odd. When char(Fq)=2, then A is a sum of orthogonal matrices if and only if A or A+In is a matrix with unit row and column sums. During the proofs of the mentioned outcomes, a variety of strategies and tactics are provided.
Hospital transport services represent a vital alternative for addressing inequities in access to medical care, particularly in countries where public transportation systems are inadequate, such as Thailand. This approach enables equitable and widespread access to healthcare services for residents in underserved areas. The objective of this study is to analyze the factors influencing the choice of hospital transport travel mode by comparing various machine learning algorithms. The findings reveal that the categorical boosting model outperformed the other models across all performance metrics. The model results indicate that waiting time, travel time, travel cost, and comfortability significantly influence the decision to use hospital transport services. Furthermore, demographic data analysis highlights critical factors such as age, gender, income, travel frequency, occupation, and time of travel, all of which significantly affect the choice of hospital transport service. To maximize the practical implications of this study, policy recommendations and implementation strategies are proposed to support decision-makers in promoting equitable travel options and eliminating barriers to fair access to healthcare services.
Solid drug-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) inclusion complexes are used to enhance drug solubility and microneedle (MN)-mediated delivery efficiency. However, mechanistic understanding of HPβCD effects in solution on drug transport across pathways in MN-pretreated skin remains limited. This study investigated the in vitro permeation of rhein (RN) across MN-pretreated neonatal porcine skin from saturated RN solutions containing 0–200 mM HPβCD. Phase solubility, total flux (Jtotal), and permeability coefficient through the microchannel pathway (PMCP) were determined, along with dermal transport at varying HPβCD concentrations. Permeation experiments under asymmetric and symmetric donor–receiver HPβCD conditions were conducted to elucidate potential interactions between HPβCD and skin transport pathways. RN solubility increased from 241.9 ± 16.4 µg/mL (0 mM HPβCD) to 1,092.5 ± 54.9 µg/mL (200 mM HPβCD), showing a linear trend up to 50 mM. MN permeation studies confirmed that RN transport occurred predominantly through microchannels. The highest Jtotal (3.87 ± 0.40 μg/cm2/h) was achieved at 25 mM HPβCD, with no further enhancement at higher concentration. Although increasing HPβCD concentration improved RN solubility, PMCP and dermal transport decreased. Identical permeation profiles under symmetric and asymmetric conditions at 50 mM HPβCD indicated no direct interaction between HPβCD and MN-pretreated skin. In summary, HPβCD-mediated solubility enhancement increased RN flux across MN-pretreated skin, but not microchannel permeability or dermal diffusion.
In this study, a polysaccharide fraction (HSP-F1) was isolated from the viscera of Holothuria scabra by alkaline extraction, followed by ethanol precipitation and chromatographic purification. The physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and immunomodulatory responses of HSP-F1 were investigated, with particular emphasis on the effects of simulated gastrointestinal digestion. HSP-F1 consisted mainly of carbohydrates (61.7
This paper introduces a relaxed iterative method for approximating solutions to bilevel variational inequality problems (BVIP) in real Hilbert spaces framework. The mathematical structure addressed herein involves two variational inequalities: one constrained by the other, where the mapping in the lower level is pseudomonotone uniformly continuous. We propose an iterative algorithm that specifically addresses cases where the lower-level mapping is pseudomonotone and uniformly continuous. We then establish strong convergence of the generated sequence to a unique solution of the BVIP using an Armijo-line search procedure. We also provide numerical illustrations in infinite-dimensional Hilbert space settings, including a comparative analysis with previous methods, demonstrating that the proposed approach achieves faster convergence and requires less computational time. A significant contribution of this work is the removal of restrictive assumptions commonly found in existing literature, such as weak sequential continuity and other specific conditions for the lower-level mapping. Furthermore, the method improves computational efficiency by reducing the number of metric projections required to just one per iteration.
