Enhancing the efficiency of biomedical compounds while reducing development costs and timelines remains a critical priority in pharmaceutical science. Inorganic nanomaterials (INMs) play a pivotal role in drug delivery systems (DDSs), where their properties and performance are central to practical applications and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Surface coatings significantly enhance DDS efficacy, positioning coated INMs as a distinct and promising pharmaceutical class. This review outlines a framework that highlights coating strategies designed for simplicity, scalability, and alignment with green chemistry principles, distinguishing them from more complex traditional functionalization approaches. Diverse coating agents, including plant extracts, biomolecules, polymers, and inorganic compounds, are categorized according to their properties and performance characteristics. Advanced characterization techniques, integrated with biological and functional evaluations, provide a comprehensive perspective that underscores both current limitations and emerging innovations. By bridging laboratory performance with clinical translation, this review emphasizes the potential of noncovalent coating strategies for INMs in developing smart, stimuli‐responsive DDSs. Through optimized designs and innovative approaches, including artificial intelligence (AI), these systems offer pathways toward personalized therapies, enhanced targeting precision, and ultimately improved patient outcomes.
Cet article s’intéresse à la singularité de la marque olympique en tant que marque à la fois millénaire et ancrée dans la modernité. Ce travail propose une définition du concept, examine ses fondements, ses valeurs historiques et dresse les faits marquants de son évolution. Cette recherche montre comment cette marque, co-créée par une multitude d’acteurs, se nourrit de son histoire, s’appuie sur ses valeurs afin d’innover et de léguer un héritage positif dans de nombreux domaines. L’article aboutit sur un programme de recherche en lien avec les défis auxquels les principaux acteurs de la marque olympique se trouvent confrontés. Les propositions enrichissent la recherche sur la gestion de marque fondée sur le passé en offrant de multiples pistes et voies de recherche futures.
Introduction. - The university period is considered a time of significant upheaval for students. Transitioning from high school to university requires strong commitment to cope with the increased workload and academic demands. Furthermore, starting university often coincides with a significant decrease in physical activity levels. This reduction in physical activity, often replaced by sedentary and unhealthy behaviors, can negatively impact students' quality of life. Emotional intelligence (EI) is thought to moderate students' health behaviors as well as their well-being. Moreover, studies have shown that students who engage in regular physical activity are emotionally more competent than inactive students. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of well-being, physical activity, and emotional intelligence among students to identify potential links between there. Method. - An online questionnaire assessing emotional intelligence, well-being, and physical activity intensity was distributed to university department directors of Caen Normandy University. The questionnaire was then forwarded to students via their institutional email addresses. Results. - The results show that students who engage in intense physical activity have higher scores on three components of well-being (i.e., PSP, SESE and S) as well as higher scores in general well-being and emotional intelligence. Post-hoc tests revealed significant differences between the three activity groups at P < 0.01. Students who engage in more intense physical activity also display higher levels of emotional intelligence. Conclusion. - This leads us to consider that implementing physical activity interventions among students could be beneficial in improving their levels of well-being and emotional intelligence. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Boron dimerizes rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) in the plant cell wall and is crucial for cell elongation; however, studying RG-II dimerization is challenging because of the severe phenotypes or lethality of RG-II mutants. Boron deprivation negates both RG-II dimerization and plant growth, but whether or how these phenotypes are functionally linked has remained unclear. Boric acid analogues can serve as experimental tools to interfere with RG-II cross-linking. In this study, we treated Arabidopsis seedlings with the boric acid analogue phenylboronic acid (PBA) to examine whether the resulting developmental phenotypes were attributable to alteration of RG-II dimerization or to other putative functions of boron in plants. We found that PBA treatment altered root development in the seedlings while RG-II dimerization and its distribution were not affected. Surprisingly, under low boron conditions, PBA treatment had no effect on root size but still prevented lateral root development, and it restored RG-II dimerization. PBA treatment also disrupted auxin levels, potentially explaining the absence of lateral roots in the seedlings treated with this analogue. We conclude that PBA interacts both with RG-II and other cellular targets such as auxin signaling components, and that the phenotypes caused by PBA arise from interference with multiple functions of boron.
Purpose:Ultra-endurance performance involves complex neuromuscular demands, yet continuous in-race assessment of strength and power development is lacking. This study examined the first-ever continuous profile of neuromuscular fatigue throughout an entire ultra-trail race to understand fatigue mechanisms and inform training and pacing strategies. Methods:Fifty-five participants (43 men, 12 women; 45.2 ± 13.6 years) attempted six identical 26 km laps with 1,000 m elevation gain and loss per lap, 14 did not complete the course. Maximum knee-extensor and handgrip strength, peak-power output, and jump-height were measured pre-race, after each lap, and 12 h post-race using standardized protocols and linear mixed models. Results:Knee-extensor strength decreased by ∼41% from pre-race to finish (p < .001), with substantial recovery (Δ26%-27%) at 12 h post-race. Handgrip strength showed minimal overall decline (Δ∼2%-5%), suggesting fatigue localized to the lower limbs. Peak-power and jump-height declined gradually (Δ6%-7% from early laps; p < .001). Critically, no significant relationship existed between the magnitude of strength loss and final ranking (early and late finishers showed no differences in strength profiles). However, participants who withdrew at lap 5 displayed substantially lower baseline strength (Δ27%; p = .004) and progressive strength declines compared to finishers, suggesting baseline neuromuscular capacity may influence completion likelihood. Conclusion:Continuous in-race profiling reveals that ultra-trail running induces substantial and predominantly peripheral neuromuscular fatigue in the lower limbs, with limited systemic effects. While strength loss magnitude does not predict race placement among finishers, lower baseline strength may increase non-completion risk. These findings underscore the importance of targeted strength training and metabolite-clearance strategies (e.g., glycogen replenishment, hydration, recovery) in ultra-endurance preparation.
