Oryol State University

Morphometric analysis of short-styled (thrum) and long-styled (pin) flowers of Fagopyrum esculentum, F. cymosum, and interspecific F1 and F2 hybrids (F. esculentum × F. cymosum) demonstrated that the present time forms of heterostyly in F. esculentum and F. cymosum evolved independently, i.e., after the divergence of these species. It is known that heterostyly is controlled by the “switch” supergene GPA in combination with a polygenic background that provides “fine-tuning” of both thrum and pin flower phenotypes. The heterostyly supergene of F. esculentum and F. cymosum most likely originated in their common ancestor, with at least the pistil length determinant (subgene G) utilizing the same S-ELF3 gene in both cases (sequences of other subgenes have not yet been identified). However, the phenotypes of interspecific hybrids indicate clear differences in the polygenic systems that ensure species-typical heterostyly development. Thus, the model of heterostyly evolution in the genus Fagopyrum appears to be at least two-staged: (1) formation of the GPA supergene incorporating S-ELF3 as the pistil length determinant, and (2) independent fine-tuning of heterostyly morphology within diverged evolutionary lineages that became distinct species.

The study addresses the issue of improving the robustness of reinforcement learning (RL) based controllers for active fluid film bearings under the model and load uncertainties. A number of controllers for actively lubricated hybrid bearings were developed using the deep Q-learning algorithm and the stochastic approach to minimize the power losses and limit the shaft displacements. Surrogate ANN-based bearing models were used to reduce the training time by more than an order. The study involved step-by-step inclusion of uncertainty factors in training scenarios and further evaluation of how the obtained solutions meet the quality criteria, namely in handling the disturbances, following constraints, reducing power losses, as well as providing the overall system's stability. The results show that simulating the stochastic variability of bearing forces as the model's uncertain parameter increased the controller's robustness, while the same approach to uncertain load parameters, on the contrary, worsened the control policy due to the excessive diversity of training scenarios. Another finding is that even small disturbances' magnitudes included in training scenarios optimize the policy so that it is able to handle much larger disturbances during exploitation. However, although the robustness of RL controllers can be significantly increased using the described approach, they are still prone to outliers under certain conditions in such complex and uncertain systems as rotors on active fluid film bearings, requiring further addressing these issues.

The article systematizes the current causes and schemes of cyber fraud in the housing and communal services sector. The main recommendations for the necessary measures to prevent this type of crime are formulated. It is concluded that it is necessary to implement the proposed prevention measures in a comprehensive manner.

This article examines the role of public narrative as a constitutive mechanism of contemporary Russian youth policy. The concepts of symbolic politics and public narrative serve as the methodological basis. The empirical basis is an analysis of strategic documents for 2020-2025: provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 489-FZ, National Security Strategies, State National Policy, the Strategy and Implementation Plan for Youth Policy, Presidential Decree No. 809, the contents of the national project «Youth and Children,» and amendments to the professional standard for «Youth Work Specialist.» Their analysis reveals a central narrative shift: youth policy is no longer a purely sectoral task and is becoming a tool for achieving the macrogoals of state development. The architectonics of the Russian macronarrative is identified, structured by the triad «threat–protection–traditional values.» Based on M. Ganz's model of public narrative, the authors examine the «Story of the Future,» which fulfills teleological, selective-orienting, and compensatory-motivating functions. They argue that a complete narrative model includes four components: «Story of the Self» (biographical subjectivity), «Story of Us» (generational solidarity), «Story of the Present» (urgency and entry point), and «Story of the Future» (semantic anchor). They conclude that the synthesis of all four components transforms public narrative from a tool for short-term mobilization into a mechanism for shaping sustainable, reflective, and loyal youth subjectivity.

Statement of the problem. The article examines the relationship between indicators of the reproductive strategy of the population - voluntary childlessness - and the tasks of urban planning justification of urban planning, solved on the basis of simulation modeling and forecasting. The aim of the study is to analyze the causes of the social phenomenon "childfree", expressed in the voluntary abandonment of children for certain reasons, and to model the process of changing the demographic situation taking this phenomenon into account. Results. The analysis of socio-economic development factors influencing the appearance of a group of voluntarily childless people was carried out. Based on the obtained statistical data on demographic indicators, a model of the process of changing the demographic situation of the regions and the country as a whole was developed, reflecting the trends of childbearing. When constructing the model, the hypothesis was accepted that the entire childfree contingent is a subgroup of the able-bodied age group, but is unproductive. The results of the analysis will serve as the basis for selecting the most important mutually influencing factors for building statistical models based on them, predicting the most favorable conditions for the reproduction of the population. Conclusions. Using the constructed model, it is possible to trace the change in the population structure. In practical terms the results of the study can serve as a means of supporting decision-making to improve the quality of life and identify promising trends in urban planning.