Osaka Kyoiku University (大阪教育大学, Ōsaka Kyōiku Daigaku) is a national university with headquarters in the city of Kashiwara, Osaka Prefecture, Japan and a branch campus in Tennōji-ku in the prefectural capital city of Osaka. It was established in 1949 by the merger of two predecessor institutions. Its short name is Daikyōdai. The university specializes in educating teachers. Unique among the national universities is its five-year program of nighttime study..
It is well known that vacuum deposition of organic molecules possessing electric dipoles leads to spontaneous molecular orientation, resulting in the formation of a giant surface potential (GSP). The GSP is expected to be useful for energy-harvesting devices, and improving carrier injection in organic light-emitting diodes; therefore, maximizing the GSP is crucial for device performance. Here, we systematically investigate the factors governing GSP formation by examining the roles of glass transition temperature (Tg), substrate temperature (Tsub), and deposition rate using a series of organic materials, including adamantane derivatives, diarylethenes, and spiropyrans. The molecular orientation parameter < cos theta > exhibits a clear dependence on Tg, indicating that surface molecular dynamics during deposition play a dominant role. We demonstrate that the GSP slope is maximized when Tsub is maintained at approximately 0.8-0.85 Tg. This condition coincides with the maximum enthalpy relaxation of vapor-deposited organic glasses. Based on these results, we propose a three-regime model describing GSP generation as a function of surface molecular mobility (Tsub/Tg scaling), providing practical guidelines for maximizing GSP in vapor-deposited organic thin films.
People flexibly engage either proactive or reactive control to achieve goals in dynamic environments. However, it remains unclear how specific environmental factors determine when proactive control is most effectively used. Across two experiments, this study investigated how environmental predictability influences proactive control. We employed a self-paced task-switching paradigm in which adult participants triggered the target when they felt ready to respond to it and manipulated how reliably contextual cue information predicted the task rule. In Experiment 1, a fully predictable environment (100
Pairs of undergraduates were exposed to a two-component multiple schedule comprised of two progressive-ratio (PR) schedules. In one component of the multiple schedule, the total number of key-presses by both participants of a pair meeting a PR requirement resulted in points exchangeable for money given to each participant (the PR schedule of collective reinforcement, PRC, component). In the other component, each participant obtained points depending on their own key-presses that met the PR requirement (the PR schedule of individual reinforcement, PR, component). For 6 of the 10 pairs of participants, the reinforcers per minute were lower during the PRC component than during the PR component, suggesting that collective reinforcement was less efficient than individual reinforcement. Previous results suggesting the inefficiency of collective reinforcement were obtained from experiments using strict contingencies, contaminated procedures, or no control conditions. By contrast, the present results demonstrate this effect under relatively simple contingencies, without concurrent schedule contamination, and with an individual-reinforcement control condition.
We investigate the surface morphology and magnetic properties of 6-nm-thick Cr films prepared by first depositing a 2-nm-thick Cr layer at 290 K, followed by an additional 4-nm-thick layer deposited at 570, 620, and 670 K. Magnetic images of these Cr films, together with their topographic images, are obtained at 290 K via spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. Our results show that surface morphology and magnetism of the Cr films depend significantly on the growth temperatures due to increasing screw dislocation density. Distinct magnetic contrasts featuring a layered antiferromagnetic (LAF) order are observed in the films grown at 570 and 620 K; however, different types of spin frustrations are observed. Two equivalent domains of the LAF order in the < 100 > direction are formed in the films grown at 620 and 670 K, which dissolve complex spin frustration. These findings may be important to advance spin electronics using AF films.
On 24 April 2025 at 18:30:57 UTC, a bright daytime fireball over Southcentral Alaska was detected by 37 seismic stations, 16 single infrasound sensors, and four infrasound arrays, yielding 30 ballistic and multiple fragmentation arrivals. The unprecedented density of seismoacoustic coverage enabled detailed reconstruction of the event using acoustic signals, with fragmentation source locations further guiding the identification of Doppler weather radar signatures of a meteorite fall. Incorporation of a radar-derived terminal point yielded a final trajectory solution, which agreed closely with an independent optical trajectory solution from video analysis. The reconstructed entry parameters from seismoacoustic analysis indicate a velocity of 25.3 km/s, an entry angle of 19 degrees, and an energy release of similar to 38 t TNT equivalent. Assuming a chondritic composition, the pre-entry object diameter was similar to 0.7 m. Using orbital parameters from the optical solution, we estimate meteoroid composition as most likely an L-type ordinary chondrite. The event occurred in the sub-Arctic, where space-based optical systems face challenges in detection, demonstrating the critical role of dense ground-based seismoacoustic networks in characterizing high-latitude atmospheric entries. This uniquely well-recorded event demonstrates the capability of dense seismoacoustic networks to constrain bolide trajectories, energetics, and fragmentation, with radar and optical data providing critical confirmation and complementary perspectives. These results bridge the methodological gap between planetary-defense monitoring of natural impactors and space-traffic analyses of artificial reentries, illustrating how multi-sensor integration can deliver calibration-grade trajectories even for unpredicted events.
