The Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE), previously known as the Institute for International Economics (IIE), is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It was founded by C. Fred Bergsten in 1981 and is currently led by Adam S. Posen. The institute conducts research, provides policy recommendations, and publishes books and articles on a wide range of topics related to the US economy and international economics.According to the 2015 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), PIIE was number 20 (of 150) in the "Top Think Tanks Worldwide" and number 13 (of 60) in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States".C.C.
Is the US dollar in jeopardy of losing its role at the center of world finance and trade? A panel of experts examines the dollar’s international functions. Recent years have seen some fraying in the currency’s position, but it retains its prominence, and for many uses there is no practical alternative. Still, risks appear to be increasing.
Abstract This book examines India’s precocious development path, highlighting its early embrace of democracy, skill-intensive services, and a globalization that exports talent while neglecting the poor. It argues that a socialist state evolves into inefficient capitalism before supplying infrastructure and human capital yet still sustains a flawed democracy and relative social order. The book draws on seventy-five years of political and economic archives to analyze four simultaneous transformations: state-building, economic creation, social change, and nation formation. It shows that decades of growth and improved state capacity enable large-scale delivery of infrastructure and essential services, even as ambition shifts toward monumental projects and digital systems amid volatile international conditions and contested domestic politics. Finally, the book contends that democratic erosion, weakened federalism, and unresolved nation-building tensions place India’s development odyssey at a critical global juncture with profound implications for governance and inclusion nationwide.
The global demand for critical minerals presents Africa with a strategic opportunity for structural economic transformation. Yet this potential is undermined by deep social and ecological externalities that mirror historical patterns of extraction. This study examines the disconnect between continental governance frameworks and the lived realities of resource extraction, investigating how “top-down” industrial policies often marginalize local communities and the artisanal sector. Employing a multi-method qualitative approach, the research integrates a comparative analysis of mining impacts in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe, and Zambia with primary stakeholder interviews along the cobalt value chain. The findings reveal systemic governance failures that perpetuate exclusion, environmental degradation, and limited value addition. In response, the study proposes a Six-Pillar Governance Framework encompassing economic diversification, environmental stewardship, inclusive development, international reciprocity, just energy transitions, and peacebuilding. Unlike other policy models, this framework is empirically derived from documented implementation gaps in African mining contexts. By aligning localized priorities with international standards such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the African Mining Vision (AMV), the study argues that a truly just transition requires governance systems that are inclusive, participatory, and grounded in the lived experience of extraction.
Expanding domestic demand and raising the household-consumption share are central to strengthening the endogenous momentum of China's growth and advancing economic rebalancing. This paper re-examines whether a weak social safety net is the principal constraint on household consumption in China. Drawing on long-run evidence on the expansion of social spending, the evolution of institutional arrangements, and changes in the household-consumption share, the paper argues that China's low consumption cannot be attributed solely to deficiencies in the social safety net. Rather, it reflects the combined effects of labor-market dynamics, a rising labor-income share, the easing of financial repression, and changes in the stratified structure of social protection. Since 2010, social insurance expenditure as a share of GDP has increased markedly, bringing China's overall level of social spending closer to that of some upper-middle-income economies. Over the same period, the household-consumption share has reversed its prolonged decline and begun to rise, suggesting that expanded social spending has helped reduce precautionary saving and support household consumption. Further analysis shows, however, that China's social spending system continues to exhibit substantial hierarchical disparities and structural imbalances across pensions, health insurance, unemployment insurance, and social assistance. These features limit its redistributive capacity and weaken its consumption-enhancing effects. The key to raising the household-consumption share therefore lies not in short-term stimulus, but in a sustained expansion of social spending, an improved expenditure structure, and greater equity, portability, and predictability in social protection. A more comprehensive and sustainable social security system is essential for supporting consumption growth and China's broader economic transformation.
