Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) is a public medical university in Chandigarh, India. It is an 'Institute of National Importance' (INI). It has educational, medical research, and training facilities for its students including all specialties, super specialties and sub specialties. It is the leading tertiary care hospital of the region and caters to patients from all over Punjab, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand , Haryana , Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Apart from the clinical services, PGI also provides training in almost all disciplines of Medicine including post graduate and post doctoral degrees, diploma and fellowships. There are more than 50 such training courses in the institute. Since it is a post graduate institute, it does not have facilities for undergraduate MBBS courses.[citation needed] It is ranked 2nd among medical universities in India in 2021 by the National Institutional Ranking Framework.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved the healthcare system, including transfusion services. This scoping review analyses published original articles on the use of AI in transfusion medicine. A total of 89 articles met the eligibility criteria for the review which were categorized based on the domain of transfusion medicine. Most of the published articles were on the use of AI on transfusion prediction, followed by inventory management. In both these domains, the use of AI ensured better transfusion prediction, timely issue of blood and effective utilisation. Other domains included the use of AI to predict transfusion reactions, component quality and blood typing. Although there was a significant contribution of literature from abroad, studies from India were very sparse. To develop indigenous data, large multi-centric studies are required, which will then help in the implementation of AI in blood centres across India. The decentralised nature of transfusion services and lack of uniform data systems are some of the barriers limiting the conduct of AI based studies in India. Federated data-sharing models offers a promising approach in generating collaborative data while maintaining data privacy and blood centre autonomy.
Due to the global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), conventional antibiotics are becoming increasingly ineffective in treating bacterial infections. Innovative approaches are needed to understand bacterial resistance mechanisms and fully preserve human health. Endolysins, peptidoglycan hydrolases derived from bacteriophages, offer a novel approach to tackling AMR by targeting bacterial cell walls. Endolysins exhibit remarkable specificity for bacterial species, strains, and antibiotic-resistant variants. Their mechanism of action involves degrading the peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cell walls, leading to rapid cell lysis. This unique mode of action reduces the likelihood of cross-resistance with existing antibiotics, making endolysins a potential therapeutic option. This review provides a comprehensive overview of endolysin biology, including their structure, classification, and mechanisms of action, and emphasizes their potential as novel antibacterial agents. A unique contribution of this review is the integrated analysis of recent advances in endolysin protein engineering and nanotechnology, highlighting how these approaches have expanded endolysins’ functional scope by improving stability, pharmacokinetics, delivery efficiency, and antibiofilm activity, and by enhancing activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Importantly, this review also identifies research gaps and translational challenges, including susceptibility to serum proteases, short circulatory half-life, immunogenicity, delivery barriers posed by Gram-negative outer membranes, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory considerations. By examining the strengths and challenges of endolysin therapies, this review outlines future research directions and translational strategies, positioning endolysins as alternative therapeutic agents within emerging antimicrobial frameworks.
Biosensor technologies are increasingly seen as important tools in healthcare diagnostics, especially for point-of-care (POC) and decentralized testing. A systematic comparison of sensing methods, the scattered integration of nanomaterials into unified designs, and the neglect of real-world usability factors like device miniaturization, user interface integration, and data sharing continue to be issues despite rapid advancements. This review critically examines recent progress in electrochemical, fluorescence, and colorimetric methods, with a special focus on signal amplification strategies using nanomaterials and their feasibility for real-world use. A structured literature survey was conducted using Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2015 to 2025. The review aims to compare analytical performance, material innovations, challenges with reproducibility, and regulatory aspects, including clinical translation. Emerging material platforms such as metal–organic frameworks, carbon dots, MXene composites, and nanozymes are discussed within their respective sensing methods to avoid confusion. Additionally, regulatory pathways set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency are analyzed to highlight challenges in commercialization. The review concludes by identifying research gaps related to long-term stability, large-cohort validation, scalability, and standardization, thereby outlining future directions for clinically deployable next-generation biosensors.
The current targeted therapies have limitations in treating HER2 − and HER2 + breast cancer subtypes, and investigating molecular pathways offers new avenues for effective treatment strategies. This study integrates the computational and biological assays to evaluate the differential anticancer potential of Quinazoline and Triazole derivatives for receptor-specific (HER2− and HER2 +) mechanisms in breast cancer. The predicted binding energies and interaction profiles, obtained from molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies, suggested distinct affinity patterns: F0922-0471 (ER > PR > HER2) and F2865-0609 (HER2 > ER = PR). Furthermore, these compounds exhibit receptor-ligand interaction patterns similar to those of FDA-approved drugs. ADMET profiling revealed the favorable drug-like properties and low toxicity, suggesting a non-carcinogenic and acceptable safety profile. In vitro studies demonstrated that both compounds caused significant cell death in HER2 − (MCF-7) and HER2 + (SKBR3) breast cancer cells, though through distinct cell cycle and ROS responses. The HER2 − cells showed a greater reduction in ER expression with the quinazoline derivative (F0922-0471) than with the triazole derivative, which significantly reduced HER2 expression in HER2 + cells, underscoring their receptor-specific effects. This study concludes that Quinazoline (F0922-0471) and Triazole derivatives (F2865-0609) show potential as receptor-specific, multi-targeted anticancer agents for distinct breast cancer subtypes, warranting further preclinical and clinical evaluations.
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT), initially developed for the management of chronic wounds, has evolved into an essential modality in modern wound care. By promoting granulation tissue formation, reducing edema, improving perfusion, and facilitating wound closure, NPWT has expanded the therapeutic options for managing complex wounds. However, alongside these benefits, several limitations, technical challenges, and potential complications have also been reported, highlighting the importance of awareness for safe and effective application. This narrative review summarizes the spectrum of complications associated with NPWT and provides practical insights into their mechanisms, risk factors, and preventive strategies. A narrative review of the literature addressing complications and adverse events associated with NPWT was performed. A comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library was conducted using the terms: 'negative pressure wound therapy complications’, 'NPWT adverse events’, 'vacuum-assisted closure bleeding/infection’, and related MeSH terms. Articles published from 2000 to 2024 were predominantly included. Given the narrative design, formal PRISMA methodology was not applied; however, a transparent search strategy was followed. Relevant information was synthesized and integrated with clinical observations from routine surgical practice. Complications were categorized into four broad domains: device-related, technique-related, wound-related, and patient-related factors. Device-related issues include system alarms, loss of seal, tube blockage and suction malfunction. Technique-related complications arise from improper dressing application, inadequate pressure settings, or inappropriate device handling. Wound-related complications include bleeding, pain, infection, and retention of dressing materials. Despite its proven efficacy, NPWT is not devoid of complications. A thorough understanding of potential adverse events, careful patient selection, meticulous application technique, and vigilant monitoring are critical for optimizing treatment outcomes.
