Puntland State University

This research conducted a systematic literature analysis of empirical studies published between 2019 and 2025 to investigate the contemporary function of blue ocean strategy (BOS) in attaining competitive advantage. In accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, the document consolidated findings from 11 peer-reviewed research articles across several sectors and geographic regions. The investigation indicated that blue ocean strategy (BOS) continues to be an effective instrument for value innovation; however, the efficacy of BOS is increasingly reliant on its integration with complementing strategic models. The findings of this paper confirm that the blue ocean approach is productive for value innovation and competitive advantage, with its effectiveness reliant upon the integration of other supplementary strategic frameworks (resource-based view, open innovation, and lean manufacturing) that generate significant effects and organizational enablers (management control, human resource policies, dynamic capabilities, and sense-making) that efficiently and effectively mediate the association between Blue Ocean Strategy and competitive advantage. Finally, Blue Ocean Strategy is viewed as a short-term framework, signaling that sustainable advantage demands ongoing reconstruction rather than an isolated innovation. This research offers a theoretical conceptual framework illustrating that the successful execution of BOS is dependent upon its combination with RBV, open innovation, and lean techniques, mediated through organizational enablers and moderated by the institutional context. In the long run, the blue ocean strategy works as a robust framework, although a contingent tool. The success depends on hybrid implementation, preparation, sector involvement, sustainable integration, and ongoing enhancement.

The study assesses the extent to which Eliminate-Reduce-Raise-Create (ERRC) dimensions in the blue ocean framework associate with community engagement at Puntland State University (PSU) in Somalia. Specifically, it evaluates the effectiveness of the ERRC grid in strengthening university community relationships. An explanatory, cross-sectional research design was used, and the study targeted 102 individuals from the administrative, academic, and faculty staff members of the university. A response rate of 90

Mapping groundwater potential zones in a semi-arid region is crucial for sustainable water management. This study used remote sensing and GIS-based AHP to identify groundwater potential zones in the semi-arid district of Garowe, Puntland, Somalia. Nine thematic layers related to groundwater influencing factors were generated using both conventional and satellite-based data. These include rainfall, geology, slope, lineament density, soil, land use/land cover, drainage density, and the normalized vegetation index elevation. Saaty scale values for the thematic layers and their classes were determined based on expert opinions and the literature. Thematic maps were integrated according to their weights and rates to generate a potential zone map through ArcGIS's weighted overlay analysis (WOA) function. The WOA categorizes potential groundwater zones into five levels: abysmal (12.83%, 1116.8 km²), poor (23.77%, 2069.9 km²), good (27.48%, 2383.5 km²), perfect (28.11%, 2446.9 km²), and excellent (7.87%, 685.16 km²). The validation of these zones was conducted using 50 pre-existing data points from boreholes, hand-dug wells, and springs, with the accuracy evaluation performed via the kappa coefficient error matrix. The precise assessment and kappa statistics produced values of 80% and 74%, respectively, confirming the study's reliability. The groundwater potential zone (GWPZ) map was developed as a comprehensive geological tool to support effective groundwater planning and management, particularly during periods of scarcity.

Introduction: drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge globally. Monitoring its prevalence and associated factors is essential for effective control strategies. The current study aimed to assess the burden of rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) and its associated factors among patients with TB at Galkayo General Hospital, Puntland, Somalia. Methods: a facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records of patients with TB registered from January 2020 to December 2024. Of 422 randomly reviewed records, 410 with complete data were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient details. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify variables associated with RR-TB. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. A p-value <.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results: the mean age of participants was 29.9 +/- 20.6 years, and 64.6% were male. The prevalence of RR-TB was 9.02% (37/410: 95% CI 6.43%-12.22%). In multivariable logistic analysis, having a history of close contact with a patient with TB (aOR: 2.43, 95% CI 1.13-5.21; P=.02), previous history of TB (aOR: 3.63, 95% CI 1.72-7.67; P<.001), and treatment failure (aOR: 9.03, 95% CI 2.03-40.12; P<.01) were strongly associated with RR-TB. Conclusion: rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis represents a substantial burden among patients with TB in Galkayo General Hospital. Close contact with TB cases, previous TB history, and treatment failure were significant predictors of RR-TB.

Fragile and conflict-affected settings often rely heavily on external assistance to maintain health systems, leaving them vulnerable to geopolitical shifts and donor fatigue. Puntland State of Somalia exemplifies this challenge, with over 90% of its health sector historically funded by international donors. In response to growing concerns over aid reductions and the sustainability of health services, the Puntland Health Financing Conference 2025 convened a broad array of stakeholders, including government officials, international donors, diaspora representatives, private sector actors, and community members, to discuss pathways toward sustainable, publicly financed health systems. This commentary summarises the conference discussions, highlighting the current financing landscape, the roles of key actors, and strategies proposed to reduce donor dependence. Recommendations emphasised expanding domestic revenue mobilisation, leveraging diaspora contributions, strengthening public-private partnerships, and formalising community-based health financing mechanisms. The commentary also explores political feasibility, implementation challenges, and potential timeframes, drawing lessons from comparable fragile states. Insights from the conference underscore the importance of integrated, locally led financing frameworks in enhancing health system resilience, equity, and sustainability in Puntland and similar contexts.