An anionic rectangular tetranuclear Cu(II) complex, namely (NH2(CH3)2)4[Cu4(pzdc)4(dpe)2]center dot 3H2O (1), was successfully synthesized via a solvothermal method using pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid (H3pzdc) and 1,2-di(4pyridyl)ethylene (dpe) as organic linkers. The structure of complex 1 was structurally characterized through single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric technique, and elemental analysis. Owing to the presence of the pi-conjugated system in the structure, complex 1 displays promising iodine adsorption behavior. Complex 1 can adsorb iodine vapor with adsorption capacities of 0.12 g center dot g- 1 and 1.20 g center dot g-1 at room temperature and 80 degrees C, respectively, which correspond to 0.30 and 4.08 molecules of iodine per formula unit of sample. The adsorption mechanism was investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) calculations in conjunction with PXRD, XPS, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy. Raman and XPS spectra confirmed the presence of both molecular iodine (I2) and triiodide ions (I3- ), suggesting that the adsorption involves chargetransfer interactions between iodine and electron-rich organic components in the structure.
End-of-life tires (ELTs) and waste lubricant oil are abundant hydrocarbon-rich wastes that can be upgraded into liquid fuels instead of being landfilled or openly burned. This study investigates the co-pyrolysis of waste tires and used lubricant oil in the presence of CaO-based catalysts and applies response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design to optimize the process. Three coded factors, final temperature (386.36 to 453.63 degrees C), used oil ratio (12.96 to 97.04 wt%), and CaO loading (6.59 to 23.41 wt%), were varied in 19 experiments. Quadratic models were developed for seven responses, namely oil yield, cetane index, specific gravity, density, viscosity, and sulfur and chlorine contents, with R2 mostly above 0.90, indicating good predictive capability. The optimum conditions (437 degrees C, 79.29 wt% used oil, and 12.05 wt% CaO) produced 63.4 f 0.28 wt % oil with a cetane index of 51.5 f 0.71 and a kinematic viscosity of 3.97 f 0.07 cSt, which are close to diesel fuel specifications. Replacing commercial CaO with calcined cockle shell CaO under the same conditions slightly improved viscosity (3.90 f 0.11 cSt) and reduced sulfur and chlorine levels to 0.242 f 0.06 wt% and 18.55 f 1.03 ppm, respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of using waste-derived CaO as a catalyst. The final set of RSM models was also implemented in a web-based calculation tool to enable rapid estimation of fuel properties from operating conditions.
1-3 and 2-2 connectivity lead-free 0.94Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.06BaTiO3 (BNBT) ceramic/Portland cement composites were designed and fabricated for use as sensors in structural health monitoring applications. This study investigates the effects of BNBT content and composite connectivity on compressive strength, acoustic, and aging piezoelectric properties, with the aim of optimizing composite performance. Composites containing 40-70 vol% BNBT were prepared using cut-and-fill technique. The highest measured values of d33 and g33 were 115 pC/N and 26.07 x 10-3 Vm/N, respectively. The results demonstrate that increasing BNBT content and employing 2-2 connectivity enhance the compressive strength of the composites, with 2-2 composites showing superior performance compared to 1-3 composites. All composites exhibited higher compressive strength than concrete. The composite with-40 vol% BNBT showed good compatibility with concrete. Between 1 to 60 days of aging, the g33 values of composites remained higher than those of standalone BNBT ceramic, highlighting a notable advantage of composite design.
In this study, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) were synthesized from Acorus calamus leaf extract. The structural and morphological analyses using UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and HRTEM confirmed the formation of spherical, well-dispersed NPs with a nano-sized range from 50 to 70 nm. The UV-Vis absorption peak at 247 nm confirmed the formation of the NiONPs. The EDAX analysis revealed the elemental composition of Ni (57.7 %), O (22.77 %), and C (24.6 %). The NiONPs demonstrated significant dose-dependent antibacterial efficacy. At a highest concentration of 75 & micro;g/mL, the inhibition zones measured S. aureus (7.2 +/- 0.1 mm) and E. coli (6.1 +/- 0.2 mm). The cytotoxicity studies on MCF-7 breast cancer cells demonstrated an IC50 value of 19.49 & micro;g/mL, with a maximal cell death of 87.22 % observed at a concentration of 100 & micro;g/mL. Moreover, photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that NiONPs achieved an 85 % degradation of the MB dye under UV-visible light irradiation. These outcomes suggest that green synthesized NiONPs are promising candidates for antibacterial, anticancer, and photocatalytic applications, underscoring their potential in both biomedical and environmental fields.
A spinning disc reactor (SDR) is an intensified chemical reactor renowned for its excellent heat and mass transfer performance. Its applications have expanded to a wide range of chemical processes, including nanoparticle synthesis and both chemical and photochemical reactions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become an essential tool for understanding SDR hydrodynamics and guiding reactor design, optimization, and scale-up. This review critically examines the development of models for predicting liquid film thickness and the key CFD modeling approaches, including multiphase flow, turbulence modeling, and mixing characterization. It also discusses current challenges in SDR scale-up and proposes future research directions to support the broader industrial implementation of this promising SDR technology.
