Rangaraya Medical College is a Government Medical College in Andhra Pradesh. It was established in 1958 and is in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is affiliated to Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences.
Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the world, posing serious public health challenges and also placing an economic burden on patients. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases are one of the major causes of death in India and worldwide, resulting in a global burden. The present study is undertaken to estimate the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index in patients having coronary artery disease (CAD) with adverse outcomes and compare them to age-matched controls. Material and Methods: A total of 60 patients with coronary artery disease were included in the study, who were classified into group A and B based on their outcomes. Patients who are diagnosed with STEMI (ST-elevated myocardial infarction [MI]) and NSTEMI (non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction) with clinical features, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, or raised troponin I values. Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events are identified as fatal MI, revascularization, stroke, and rehospitalization. The vacutainer is then centrifuged at 3000-5000 rpm for 15 minutes for the separation of serum. The serum is aliquoted into labeled Eppendorf tubes. They are analyzed immediately and stored in refrigeration at -40 °C until completion of the study process. The study was carried out in a 24-hour laboratory, the department of Biochemistry, and samples were obtained from the department of Cardiology, Government General Hospital, Rangaraya Medical College. Data collected - age, sex, blood glucose levels, serum triglyceride levels, and triglyceride glucose index. Results: The results of the study showed that the mean blood glucose levels and TyG index were increased in patients with adverse outcomes (Group A) compared with patients with stable outcomes (Group B) ( p = 0.014). In this study of 60 patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease, 51.66% ( n = 31) had adverse outcomes (Group A), whereas the remaining 48.33% ( n = 29) had stable outcomes (Group B). The mean value of the TyG index in Group A was 9.69, while in Group B it was 9.15. The p -value was 0.014, indicating that the difference was statistically significant at the 5% level. The TyG index is calculated from serum glucose and serum triglyceride (TG) levels using the formula ln [(FBS × TG)/2]. The TyG index is considered a reliable marker of insulin resistance, as it combines the diagnostic potential of fasting blood glucose and serum triglycerides. The TyG index was calculated based on the serum glucose and triglyceride levels using the aforementioned formula, and the values were recorded. On comparison, the TyG index was 9.69 ± 0.88 in Group A and 9.15 ± 0.76 in Group B. Conclusion: Our present study showed that increased serum triglyceride levels in patients with coronary artery disease may lead to adverse complications like increased blood glucose levels in patients with coronary artery disease leads to adverse outcomes. The TyG has been shown to have a tendency for increased values in case of adverse outcomes. Thus, the present study suggests that regular monitoring of the triglyceride glucose index in patients with coronary artery disease may help in the early detection of CAD.
Abstract Purpose Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include anxiety and depression, with estimates varying across IBD types. We conducted a review and meta-analysis to estimate prevalence and incidence of anxiety and depression in IBD, compare psychiatric burden in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and identify heterogeneity. Methods MEDLINE (PubMed) and Embase were searched for anxiety/depression in IBD until May 2026. Random-effects meta-analyses calculated pooled prevalence/risk; heterogeneity was evaluated through Cochran’s Q, I², τ², and meta-regression. PROSPERO ID CRD420261297050. Results Twenty-two studies were included in the analysis. Thirteen studies ( n = 5,616) reported an anxiety prevalence of 24% (95% CI, 19–30%), and 15 studies ( n = 5,956) reported a depression prevalence of 24% (95% CI, 20–28%). Six cohort studies showed that IBD was associated with increased anxiety (HR 1.36, 95% CI, 1.17–1.59) and depression risk (HR 1.44, 95% CI, 1.35–1.54) versus non-IBD controls. No differences were observed between CD and UC for anxiety (OR 1.05, 95% CI, 0.64–1.73) or depression (OR 1.13, 95% CI, 0.86–1.48). Region explained heterogeneity, and instruments did not influence the estimates. The findings were robust, and no publication bias was identified. Conclusions One in four with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experiences anxiety or depression, and Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) burden suggest inflammation underlies this risk. Findings support assessment, clarify gut-brain links, and identify beneficiaries.
Objectives: Diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism are among the most common endocrinopathies during pregnancy. They are associated with both maternal and fetal complications. The objective of the study is to assess the maternal and fetal outcomes in patients with dual endocrinopathy versus gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alone. Material and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at GGH, Kakinada, in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology from June 2023 to May 2024. A total of 50 cases and 50 controls were analysed for complications such as preeclampsia, need for cesarean section, malpresentation, preterm birth, PROM, abruption of placenta, Doppler changes, respiratory distress, and macrosomia in neonates. Results: Age above 30 years is a key factor in the development of dual endocrinopathy. Women with dual endocrinopathy had an increased risk of preeclampsia, cesarean section, and higher rate of macrosomia in women with dual endocrinopathy. Conclusion: Dual endocrinopathy is associated with increased maternal and fetal complications. It is important to screen women who have been diagnosed with one of these for the other. These patients should be considered high-risk pregnancies and are to be followed up to prevent adverse effects.
