Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBMs), including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and their derivatives, are increasingly utilized across industrial, biomedical, and environmental applications, leading to their inevitable release into aquatic ecosystems. Despite extensive studies on CBMs toxicity, a critical gap remains in integrating their environmental sources, transformation processes, and mechanistic toxicity within an aquaculture-specific risk assessment framework. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the occurrence, physicochemical properties, environmental fate, and ecotoxicological effects of CBMs in freshwater and marine systems, with particular emphasis on aquaculture-relevant exposure conditions. Key processes governing environmental behavior, including aggregation dynamics, sediment interactions, and associations with natural organic matter, are discussed in relation to their influence on colloidal stability, transport, and bioavailability. Mechanistic toxicity pathways, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, immunomodulation, and tissue-level alterations are examined in connection with material properties such as surface functionalization, aspect ratio, and structural defects. In addition, this review highlights current analytical challenges in CBM detection and quantification in complex aquatic matrices and distinguishes between modelled and experimentally measured environmental concentrations. Available evidence indicates variability in sensitivity across species and life stages, with early developmental stages often showing greater susceptivity. Although environmental concentrations are generally lower than acute toxicity thresholds, CBMs may significantly influence contaminant dynamics through sorption and carrier-mediated transport, particularly under intensive aquaculture conditions. By integrating environmental behavior with mechanistic toxicity and exposure assessment, this review proposes a conceptual risk profiling framework tailored to aquaculture systems and identifies key research gaps to support improved environmental risk assessment and the sustainable management of carbon-based nanomaterials.
High-altitude environments impose a multifactorial stress matrix, including cold, intense UV-B radiation, hypoxia, and drought, which demand integrated adaptive responses. The genus Artemisia exhibits coordinated phenotypic, physiological, and metabolic adaptations to altitude, collectively termed the Altitudinal Stress Syndrome. While recent work has established that this syndrome emerges from integration across genomic, physiological, metabolic, and architectural levels, the regulatory mechanisms coordinating this multi-level integration remain undefined. This review synthesizes molecular evidence from Artemisia to construct a testable framework for the regulatory architecture underlying altitude adaptation. We organize the known components into three functionally distinct levels: signal transducers (reactive oxygen species, calcium, hormones) that convert physical stress into biochemical information; signal integrators (hormonal crosstalk nodes, photoreceptor pathways) where convergent inputs combine; and transcriptional regulators (bHLH, MYB, WRKY families) that execute genome-wide reprogramming. The artemisinin biosynthetic pathway provides a well-mapped case study, revealing how cold signals propagate through AabHLH112 and AaERF1 to biosynthetic genes, how UV-B signals are transduced via AaHY5 and AaGSW1, and how AabHLH113 integrates jasmonate and abscisic acid signals. Competitive dimerization among bHLH factors creates tunable regulatory nodes, whereas epigenetic modifications at AaPAL1 may stabilize adaptive states. We critically evaluate evidence for each connection, distinguishing direct biochemical validation, genetic evidence, and correlational observations. This framework generates specific hypotheses about network architecture testable via genetic, biochemical, and systems-level approaches. By building upon the systems-level foundation of Altitudinal Stress Syndrome, this review advances our understanding from descriptive cataloging to a mechanistic and predictive model of plant adaptation to extreme environments.
Gaining insight into local communities' perception of Joint Forest Management (JFM) is crucial for sustainable forest management and livelihood improvement. However, limited research exists on people's perceptions of JFM, particularly in the North-western Himalayas. This study evaluates the perceptions of local people as key stakeholders in the JFM program, based on primary data collected from 434 households using structured and semi-structured questionnaires comprising both close- and open-ended questions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Weighted Mean Scores (WMS). Findings reveal a moderate perception level regarding the socio-economic aspects (WMS: 3.51) and forest governance (WMS: 3.05) of JFM. In contrast, perceptions of ecological aspects were low (WMS: 2.32), likely due to the indirect link between ecological services and immediate economic benefits for forest dwellers. Additionally, respondents largely disagreed with the notion that JFM promotes forest tourism and water-harvesting mechanisms to mitigate water scarcity. The findings hold important policy implications, emphasizing the need to integrate community awareness initiatives, equitable benefit-sharing, and ecological education into JFM frameworks. For forest managers and policymakers, the results provide practical guidance for formulating locally tailored strategies that strengthen community engagement, enhance governance, and promote the sustainable management of forest resources in this fragile Himalayan region.
This research investigates how Green Transformational Leadership (GTL) influences Employee green behavior (GEB), with Green Psychological Ownership (GPO) as a mediator and Green Identity (GI) as a moderator, thereby aligning the study with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 12 and SDG 13. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 347 employees and managers of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in India via structured questionnaires and analyzed through PLS-SEM. Results revealed that GTL significantly predicts EGB. while GI strengthens this relationship. GPO partially mediated the GTL-EGB link while GI strengthens the GPO-EGB relationship. This study highlights how green transformational leadership fosters employee green behavior through psychological ownership, offering managers a roadmap to design eco-focused leadership and participative practices. By nurturing employees' green identity, organizations can ensure consistent pro-environmental actions, thereby enhancing performance, reducing resource waste, and embedding sustainability into daily operations.
We present a comprehensive temporal and spectral study of the flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) PKS 0402−362 using Fermi Large Area Telescope/Swift X-Ray Telescope/UVOT observations spanning from MJD 54686 to 60321. The γ -ray light curve exhibits multiple phases of enhanced activity, with the fractional variability parameter ( F _var ) showing larger amplitudes at longer timescales, consistent with variability trends observed in other FSRQs. Statistical analysis of the flux and spectral index distributions using the Anderson–Darling test and histogram fitting reveals that both distributions deviate from a single log-normal form and are better represented by a double log-normal profile, indicating two distinct flux states. A search for quasi-periodic oscillations in the γ -ray emission using the Lomb–Scargle periodogram identified a significant periodic signal at ∼413 days with a confidence level exceeding 3 σ . However, the proximity of the timescale to one year and the limited number of observed cycles prevents a definitive interpretation. Broadband spectral energy distributions for six flux states were modeled using a one-zone leptonic framework incorporating synchrotron, synchrotron self-Compton, and external Compton components. The spectral energy distributions are well reproduced with physically reasonable parameters: high-flux states exhibit harder electron spectra and lower magnetic field strengths ( B ∼ 0.2–0.6 G), while low-flux states show softer spectra and stronger magnetic fields ( B ∼ 1.3 G). The fitted break energy decreases during high-flux states, suggesting enhanced radiative cooling and a transition toward a particle- or kinetic-energy–dominated jet. These trends are consistent with the “harder-when-brighter” behavior commonly observed in blazars.
