Sadakathullah Appa College

This study focused on cost-effective synthesis of pure and doped zinc oxide (ZnO, Ag-ZnO & Cu-ZnO) nanoparticles by co-precipitation method for sustainable energy storage application. The XRD analysis exhibited a hexagonal nanocrystalline structure for pristine ZnO nanoparticles (31 nm), whereas Cu-doped ZnO showed a monoclinic structure. The diffraction peaks of the doped ZnO nanoparticles (Ag-ZnO & Cu-ZnO) confirmed the successful incorporation of dopants into the Zn sites by indicating a slight shift in the peak with an increase in crystallite size (66 nm for Ag-ZnO & 40 nm for Cu-ZnO). FTIR analysis manifest the peaks of Ag-ZnO and Cu-ZnO nanoparticles at 709 cm- 1 and 750 cm-1, which were assigned to C-H bonds of alkanes due to the presence of dopants. The optical band gap of the pristine ZnO nanoparticles was 3.11 eV which were decreased in doped samples (2.54 eV for Ag-ZnO & 2.75 eV for Cu-ZnO) due to the synergistic effect of the doping content. The photoluminescence spectra also re-evinced the presence of dopants in the ZnO nanoparticles, characterized by reduced peak intensity and shift in peak positions to lower wavelengths. The electrochemical analysis of Cu-ZnO nanoparticles achieved high specific capacitance of 432 Fg-1 at 1 Ag-1, excellent cyclic stability of 98.8% for 2000 cycles and high coulombic efficiency of 99.6%. The Cu doping improves conductivity and faradaic reactions, which incite the spherical shape of Cu-ZnO, providing improved packing density and further leading to better ion diffusion. The results indicates that the prepared Cu-ZnO nanoparticles are the potential electrode materials for supercapacitor applications, and hence contributing to the development of sustainable energy solutions.

This paper introduces novel generalization techniques for neutrosophic sets and evaluates their effectiveness in decision-making systems. The proposed methods enhance membership, indeterminacy, and nonmembership functions, offering improved adaptability to uncertain and conflicting information. A comparative analysis with conventional neutrosophic approaches, taken as benchmarks, was conducted across diverse application domains including business, clinical, supply chain, and risk-based decision scenarios. Evaluation metrics such as decision accuracy, computational complexity, and algorithmic stability were assessed through simulation experiments and real datasets. Results indicate an average 15 % improvement in decision accuracy with the proposed techniques, alongside increased robustness and adaptability, despite slightly higher computational requirements. The findings highlight the potential of generalized neutrosophic sets as effective tools for multi-criteria decision making, with future research focusing on optimizing efficiency to reduce computational overhead.

This research article examines the synthesising and contrasting repercussions of blockading and weaponizing food in the theoretical light of through Giorgio Agamben’s concept of bare life, Carl Schmitt’s theory of the sovereign decision, and Michel Foucault’s account of biopolitics, with Palestinian poetry as the primary reference. The article argues that hunger in Palestinian literary discourse is not merely a humanitarian consequence of war but a deliberate political strategy employed to regulate, discipline, and control civilian populations. This article examines how Palestinian poetry represents starvation and blockade as instruments of political control, reading these representations. Drawing on the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish, Samih al-Qasim, and Hind Jouda, the study argues that the withholding of food functions simultaneously as a legal, political, and biological act of control, one that reduces civilian life to bare survival while remaining outside ordinary legal accountability. Particular attention is given to how hunger is shown to stultify language and memory, threatening the very capacity for testimony even as the poems themselves manage to give it voice. Comparative readings of Kamala Markandaya’s Nectar in a Sieve and scholarship on Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Vanni situate the Palestinian case within a broader pattern in which sovereign power suspends legal protection under conditions of exception. The article contends that these poems do more than document suffering: they resist the erasure that blockade seeks to impose, affirming what Judith Butler calls the demand that precarious lives be recognized as grievable.

Complex q-Rung orthopair fuzzy sets (Cq-ROFSs) have emerged as a powerful tool for representing uncertainty and imprecise information. As a generalized form of complex intuitionistic fuzzy sets (CIFSs) and complex pythagorean fuzzy sets (CPFSs), they extend flexibility by allowing each element to possess multiple pairs of truth and falsity membership degrees, encompassing both amplitude and phase components. The proposed method employs Hamacher operator-based sum and product within the Cq-rungOFSs framework to enhance the accuracy and flexibility of aggregation, effectively capturing complex relationships between amplitude and phase membership degrees. This research introduces the concept of a complex q-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher graph structure (Cq-rungOFHGS), which integrates graph structure with Cq-rungOFS under the Hamacher Operator. Moreover, building upon the previously proposed Cq-rungOFHGS framework, this study introduces a novel method for calculating the first Zagreb index energy, first Zagreb index RandiĆ energy, and first Zagreb Harmonic energy. Further, the proposed energies for the upper and lower bounds are analyzed using relevant examples. Moreover, the proposed method is applied to assess the impact of nutrition and diet-related health issues in India, providing valuable insights into the most affected regions. Furthermore, an algorithm is developed for the proposed method to facilitate its application in real-world scenarios.

கல்வியில் விளையாட்டுமயமாக்கல் (Gamification) மற்றும் அமர்த்தக் காணொளி யதார்த்தம் (Immersive Virtual Reality — IVR) ஆகிய தொழில்நுட்பங்களின் ஒருங்கிணைப்பு உலகளவில் கணிசமான வேகத்தைப் பெற்றுள்ளது; எனினும், தமிழ் இலக்கியக் கற்பித்தலில் இவற்றின் பயன்பாடு பெரும்பாலும் ஆராயப்படாமல் உள்ளது. இந்தக் கருத்தாக்க ஆய்வு, தமிழ்நாட்டின் உயர்கல்வி நிறுவனங்களில் தமிழ் இலக்கியப் பாடநெறிகளில் பயிலும் Z-தலைமுறை கற்போரிடையே மாணவர் ஈடுபாடு மற்றும் கற்றல் விளைவுகளை மேம்படுத்துவதற்கான ஒரு கட்டமைப்பை முன்மொழிகிறது. சுய-தீர்மானக் கோட்பாடு (Self-Determination Theory — SDT) மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப ஏற்புக் கருவி (Technology Acceptance Model — TAM) ஆகியவற்றை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டு, விளையாட்டுமயமாக்கல் குறிமுறை-பகுப்பாய்வுகளிலிருந்து (Sailer & Homner, 2020; g = 0.504) மற்றும் அமர்த்த VR கல்வி ஆராய்ச்சியிலிருந்து (Coban et al., 2022; g = 0.38) இந்த ஆய்வு தற்போதுள்ள அனுபவ சான்றுகளைத் தொகுக்கிறது. செவ்வியல் மொழி கற்பித்தலுக்கான விளையாட்டுமயமாக்கப்பட்ட அமர்த்தக் கற்றல் கட்டமைப்பை (Gamified Immersive Learning Framework — GILF) இது முன்மொழிகிறது. எதிர்கால அனுபவ சரிபார்ப்புக்காக 240 இளங்கலை மாணவர்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு அரை-சோதனை ஆராய்ச்சி வடிவமைப்பும் பரிந்துரைக்கப்படுகிறது. The integration of Gamification and Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) in education has gained considerable momentum globally; however, their application in Tamil literature instruction remains largely unexplored. This conceptual study proposes a framework to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes among Gen-Z learners enrolled in Tamil literature courses at higher education institutions in Tamil Nadu. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study synthesises existing empirical evidence from gamification meta-analyses (Sailer & Homner, 2020; g = 0.504) and immersive VR educational research (Coban et al., 2022; g = 0.38). It proposes the Gamified Immersive Learning Framework (GILF) for classical language instruction. A quasi-experimental research design involving 240 undergraduate students is recommended for future empirical validation.