This study explains experiments and analysis of the chaotic behaviour of cavitation dynamics in a convergent-divergent nozzle. It shows that adding of air injection can help reduce the chaos and make the flow more stable. Water flow rates through the nozzle vary between 10,000 and 12,000 litres per hour (LPH), and air injection rates range from 10 to 15 litres per minute (LPM) at four points along the nozzle. At 10,000 LPH, the average cavitation area drops from 26.16 mm² to 8.58 mm² when air is injected, especially at the mid-divergent port (V2). The flow becomes less chaotic over time, and the high-frequency turbulence is reduced by 60% when air is added. Nonlinear time series analysis identifies reliable parameters (embedding dimension m = 5, optimal time lag τ =11–82 frames). Air injection reduces system complexity by 41.7%. The highest Lyapunov exponent decreases from positive, chaotic values (0.05–0.11) to near-zero or negative, confirming chaos is reduced. Additionally, short-term predictability improves by over 50%, lowering the RMSE from 10.5 mm² to 4.02 mm² at 10,000 LPH with air injection at the V2 location.
Background Catechol (CC) is an important phenolic molecule that plays an important role in various industrial applications. At the same time, it is a significant environmental pollutant. The rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of CC remains challenging because of the coexistence of structurally similar phenolic impurities. This study proposes an electrochemical method for CC detection using LaBi2O4 and LaBi2O4/reduced graphene oxide (LaBi2O4@rGO) nanocomposites. Methods The nanocomposites were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal technique, which led to improved electrochemical properties owing to the synergistic effect between LaBi2O4 and rGO. The structural and morphological properties of the LaBi2O4@rGO nanocomposite were investigated using various techniques. Electrochemical analyses were performed using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, which revealed considerable sensitivity and selectivity for CC detection. Significant findings The LaBi2O4@rGO incorporated GC electrode possessed a wide linear detection range (1–700 µM), with a low detection limit (0.15 µM). Moreover, the newly fabricated electrode exhibited high stability, repeatability, and reproducibility, making it suitable for environmental applications. Its effectiveness was further validated by detecting CC in real water samples, such as tap and river water, with a 99% recovery rate, thereby demonstrating its immense potential for practical environmental monitoring.
The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into microalgal research is transforming biomass generation, biofuel synthesis, and wastewater remediation strategies. Sophisticated ML techniques, such as artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), and genetic algorithms (GA), facilitate precise simulation and forecasting of highly intricate microalgal systems. Although constraints related to data accessibility and model scalability persist, ML-based methodologies are increasingly demonstrating their value in enhancing the sustainability and operational efficiency of microalgal processes. Simultaneously, technoeconomic analysis (TEA) has become an indispensable framework for assessing biorefinery viability through systematic evaluation of life-cycle environmental burdens. Recent progress in TEA methodologies has strengthened iterative design optimization, uncertainty quantification, and user accessibility via open-source computational platforms. Broader systems boundaries now account for policy mechanisms, performance during end-use phase, and international market dynamics, thereby reinforcing TEA’s contribution to sustainable bioeconomic advancement. Collectively, these computational and analytical innovations are expediting the deployment of scalable and economically feasible microalgal technologies. Highlights
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, which is marked by dysfunctional angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and dysregulated extra cellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Traditional treatments, such as growth factor- and cytokine-mediated therapies, have proven to be ineffective due to their rapid degradation, low bioavailability, and inefficient targeting to the wound site. The purpose of this review is to discuss the molecular pathophysiology of diabetic wound healing and to assess the potentialof nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems as novel therapeutic approaches for the management of DFUs. A comprehensive literature search was carried out using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science scientific databases. The search was restricted to articles published until 2025. The keywords used for the search were “diabetic wound healing,” “nanoparticles,” and “drug delivery systems” to obtain information on the molecular pathophysiology of diabetic wound healing and the latest developments using nanoparticles. Relevant in vitro, in vivo and, clinical studies involving the application of nanoparticles, hydrogels, and bioengineered scaffolds in the treatment of wounds was considered. This study is presented as a narrative review. Delivery systems based on nanotechnology showed substantial benefits over traditional therapies by protecting bioactive molecules from degradation, improving cellular uptake, and achieving controlled and sustained release. Nanoparticles helped improve drug stability and penetration, hydrogels provided a similar ECM with a moist environment around the wound, and bioengineered scaffolds aided tissue regeneration with a controlled release of therapeutic agents. Surface-modified and responsive nanocarriers exhibited improved therapeutic efficacy. Nanotechnology provides a promising solution to address the major drawbacks associated with the treatment of DFUs. By integrating molecular abnormalities with precision-based drug delivery, nanomedicine provides novel solutions to expedite wound healing and minimize complications associated with diabetic wounds. DFUs are a serious complication of diabetes, which often results in infection, hospitalization, and amputation due to poor healing of the wound. Poor angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and tissue repair are some factors that hinder the healing process, and the conventional treatment methods are ineffective due to poor stability and lack of efficient drug delivery. This review focuses on the use of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, which are promising alternatives for the treatment of DFUs. Nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and bioengineered scaffolds can protect drugs from degradation, promote efficient drug delivery, and facilitate tissue regeneration. Schematic representation of Nanomaterial-based therapeutic outcomes for addressing the adverse effects of diabetic wounds
Fiber optic gyroscopes are one of the main categories of optical gyroscopes, finding wider applications in inertial sensing and navigation through the measurement of angular velocity. Over the past few decades, the research on fiber optic gyroscopes competes with the state-of-the-art technologies in every aspect of its design based on different applications. Though the concept of optical gyroscopes started to unfold a century back, research on this is blooming to find the alternative strategy in structure for one another, with a range of classified designs and performance improvement techniques to work on. Among the types of fiber optic gyroscopes, the interferometric type finds place in most of the navigation applications in land, military, avionics and marine. The design perspectives include the choice of source, the fiber coiling pattern, the phase modulators, the signal processing techniques and, most prominently, the integrated optics at different levels. This paper presents an exhaustive review on the fiber optic gyroscopes design and development techniques.
