Samsun University

Wind measurement is of paramount importance for obtaining accurate and reliable data in wind energy projects. Precise wind measurements are essential for assessing wind resources, optimizing wind turbine micrositing, estimating energy production, and ensuring the technical and economic feasibility of wind power developments. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) guides are describing practices and procedures of meteorological variables measurements. WMO Guide to Meteorological Observations and Methods No. 8 which was first published in 1950 is main reference guide related to method of meteorological variable observation and related instrumentation. This study presents the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards and recommended procedures for surface wind sensor installation, along with examples of common installation errors and tower shadow effects encountered in the field. Accurate wind measurements are essential for wind energy applications, as even minor deviations from installation standards can result in significant measurement errors. Such inaccuracies may lead to substantial uncertainties in annual energy production (AEP) estimates, ultimately affecting the technical viability, financial performance, and overall feasibility of wind energy project. The study is founded on the author's more than 30 years of professional hands-on experience, including the installation of over 100 Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS) and the preparation of evaluation reports for numerous meteorological and renewable energy projects. This extensive practical experience provides the basis for identifying common deficiencies in wind sensor installations, tower shadow, other error mechanism and assessing their potential impacts on wind measurement accuracy. The effects of improper wind measurement practices were quantitatively assessed using a one-year dataset. The analysis of quantitative 12 months of data from the 82 m metmast showed that sensor shadow effects distorted the airflow, resulting in abnormal wind speed measurements. Specifically, the recorded wind speed at the lower measurement level was higher than that at the upper measurement level, which is inconsistent with normal atmospheric conditions and indicates measurement errors caused by sensor shadowing. Measurement inaccuracies resulting in a wind speed deviation of approximately 0.2 m/s can significantly affect wind resource assessment by producing overestimated annual energy yield predictions. Consequently, these inaccuracies may compromise the reliability of project feasibility analyses and lead to inappropriate investment decisions.

This study analyzes heat waves (HWs), cold spells (CSs), and mean temperature trends in T & uuml;rkiye's three major metropolises (Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir) using long-term station data. HW and CS events were defined via a percentile-based threshold approach, utilizing daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature data from a total of 15 meteorological stations. Temporal trends in annual and seasonal wave frequencies, alongside mean temperature series, were evaluated using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. The findings indicate that HW frequencies have significantly increased across the majority of stations, whereas CS frequencies have decreased at most locations. It was determined that while HWs predominantly concentrate in summer and CSs in winter, heat extremes can extend into transitional seasons. Mean temperatures exhibit a statistically significant upward trend across all stations. Furthermore, HWs have become more prominent and CSs have dissipated more rapidly in urban and coastal stations. These results reveal that the risk of heat extremes is escalating while cold extreme events are weakening in T & uuml;rkiye's major cities due to warming climate conditions.

This article presents two empirical studies investigating the extent to which general English proficiency (GEP) and selected learner dispositions in online learning maintain their predictive utility for academic success in English-medium instruction (EMI) contexts in T & uuml;rkiye across the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods. Both studies sampled engineering students from a large public university, with Study 1 involving 474 participants and Study 2 including 460. Study 1 examined the predictive roles of GEP, online learning readiness, beliefs, and satisfaction during the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Findings showed that GEP was a significant predictor of academic success before the pandemic, but this predictive relationship was statistically disrupted during the pandemic period. Study 2 extended the analysis to the post-pandemic context, where EMI courses were delivered both face-to-face and online. Results revealed a reinstatement of GEP's predictive power in face-to-face EMI settings, while readiness, beliefs, and satisfaction with online learning were stronger predictors in online courses. This fluctuation illustrates a 'passing cloud effect', in which the predictive weight of language proficiency temporarily wanes under extraordinary contextual conditions but resurfaces when structured environments return. Based on the findings, several pedagogical implications are provided, and some relevant suggestions are made, underscoring the fluctuating nature of academic success in EMI.

Curved domes, vaults, and apses in heritage architecture often contain frescoes and inscriptions of immense cultural value, yet their documentation remains challenging. Conventional orthophotos assume planarity, producing distortions that limit iconographic interpretation and conservation mapping. While commercial software offers partial solutions, high costs and limited transparency hinder adoption by many institutions. This study introduces a fully open-source workflow for producing metrically accurate orthophotos of curved interiors, demonstrated on the richly painted rock-hewn St Theodore Church in Cappadocia. The pipeline integrates photogrammetric reconstruction in Meshroom with 3D point-cloud segmentation, primitive fitting, and surface unrolling in CloudCompare, followed by Poisson meshing and orthographic rendering. Validation against CAD measurements confirmed geometric fidelity, with median errors of similar to 1-2%. The resulting CAD-ready orthophotos enable detailed tracing of mural registers, epigraphic analysis, and quantitative conservation studies. By providing a low-cost, reproducible, and accessible alternative to proprietary tools, the proposed method empowers heritage professionals to create distortion-controlled documentation of complex interiors and supports long-term monitoring and preservation efforts.

The air-cooling system is an advantageous cooling method for battery modules due to its low cost, light weight, simple design, and no sealing required. In this study, the thermal performance of an air-cooled lithium-ion battery module was investigated through both numerical and experimental approaches, considering the influence of various design and operating parameters. The experimental investigation was conducted to examine the thermal behavior of an air-cooled lithium-ion battery module under specific operating conditions, providing temperature distribution data to validate the numerical model. Distinguishing itself from previous studies, this research replaces simplified assumptions with a high-accuracy approach by employing the mesh motion technique for dynamic airflow generation and an Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) validated with experimental HPPC data. After the numerical model was validated against experimental data in terms of battery cell temperature, demonstrating high statistical reliability with an average R2 of 0.979, comprehensive numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of six critical design and operating parameters: fan speed, ambient temperature, discharge rate, air outlet and fan positions, and inter-cell spacing. The battery cells’ temperature inside the module decreased as the fan speed increased up to 4000 rpm, but no significant change in temperature was observed after this speed value. As the ambient temperature increased, cell temperatures and module voltage increased, and the maximum temperature difference between cells decreased. It was revealed that the cooling capacity of the system was insufficient for the 7C discharge rate. As the distance between cells increased, cell temperatures decreased, and a more homogeneous temperature distribution occurred. Lower cell temperatures and homogeneous temperature distributions occurred in the front-dual-side and top-dual-side fan positions, where three-dimensional air flow was provided with multiple fan placements. Among all configurations, when Tₘₐₓ and ΔTₘₐₓ are evaluated together, the best thermal performance was achieved in the top-outlet configuration, with values of 36.75 °C and 6.78 °C, respectively. These findings provide significant contributions to the design optimization of air-cooled lithium-ion battery systems.