Notwithstanding the large decline in poverty in Bihar and UP during 2004–2005 and 2011–2012, incidence of poverty among Dalits continues to remain high in comparison to OBCs and upper castes. The article examining the nature of poverty among Dalits in Bihar and UP situates the high incidence of poverty among them in structural and institutional factors. More than 90% of Dalits living in the two states are either landless or own marginal land holdings and have an abysmal representation in the ownership of private enterprises. As a result, the majority of Dalit households eke out a livelihood through casual wage work, where many of them earn less than the stipulated minimum wage. The article, using the Oaxaca–Blinder model, re-establishes the fact that Dalits and other marginalised social groups face discrimination in the wage labour market. About 85% of Dalit workers in Bihar and 90% in UP are either working poor or ‘vulnerable to poor’, and even a small economic shock can push them below the poverty line. JEL Codes: I30, I32, I39, J31
Iruekpen community stands among other communities in Esan society. Before the coming of the Christian missionaries and colonial officials, Iruekpens had their own workable education, which was indigenized and productive in meeting all round needs of the community. The educational system prevalent at the time was it that every member of the community placed high value and emphasis. Thus, patriotism, communalism, respect, honesty, communalism, industriousness, creativity, innovation, inventiveness and spirit of neighborliness and so forth become the characteristic hallmarks of every member of the community. This paper, therefore, examines the social relevance of Iruekpen indigenous education as a panacea to her development and transformation in the period. Again, it examines how the aim of indigenous Iruekpen education is to produce an individual who is skilled, supportive, respectable, and honest and conforms to the social norms of the community. The education structure taught the Iruekpen child to have a sense of belongingness, which thus patterns a child toward an effective and desirable life in the community. It depicts the peace and harmony prevalent at the time whereby unemployment, laziness and corruption were never visible all because every child was educationally equipped in his/her career and vocation. It concluded by recommending that value developments education should be included in all curriculum of education at all levels. Likewise, parents should be role models for their children. The methodology adopted in the writing of this paper is the historical method. The main sources for this study will be primary and secondary sources. The primary sources constitute documents, oral traditions, and field notes. The secondary source is a work of historical reconstruction based on the interpretation of primary sources. Examples of secondary sources include scholarly journal article, encyclopedia, dictionaries, interpretation of a diary, biogr
Survey researchers are perpetually faced with the challenge of trying to balance quality, time, and cost. However, it is essentially impossible for surveys to achieve high quality, a quick turnaround time, and low costs. So, most often researchers settle for trying to achieve two of these three. As survey costs have escalated, funders have become unwilling to keep spending more on surveys, and what often happens is that quality is compromised. It is within this context that we propose a low-cost approach to improve panel survey quality by increasing a panel’s representation of its target population. This includes both the quality of the initial sample recruited to join the panel and the sample that remains active within the panel. Our approach addresses a way to raise the representativeness of initial and on-going panel samples essentially without raising on-going costs. We present a case study of this approach, using the Life in Australia™ panel. We began by asking 1,557 panel members an open-ended question about why they joined and remained in the panel. We then content analyzed the responses to create quantitative data which could be analyzed statistically. Also, we gathered all the communications used with these panel members and performed a qualitative content analysis to identify the themes used to try to persuade the sampled panelists to join and stay active in the panel. We then compared the two sets of findings. There were six motivations that panelists reported that were not included in the recruitment and maintenance communications that were used with potential panelists and currently inactive panelists. We also found that panelists with certain background characteristics were more likely to report certain motivations for being in the panel. We acknowledge that our approach is not a panacea but believe it adds to the “toolbox” of panel companies.
Road accidents lead to fear in anyone who travels in their daily life. Violations of traffic restrictions, negligence, and other reasons can cause road accidents, but most studies show that the majority of accidents are caused by drivers’ sudden health concerns or tiredness. Despite their unpredictability, these events have a huge impact on human lives. These problems are solved by the proposed method. To assess whether a driver is awake or asleep, as well as whether the driver has any health issues, the system employs an eye blink sensor and a photoplethysmography sensor accordingly. The sensors’ output is connected to the driver’s phone via GSM module and any other human monitor via NodeMCU (cloud server) in that order. As a result, if the driver falls asleep, he or she will be awoken. And if a medical emergency arises, he or she will be able to receive immediate assistance because they are being monitored by another person via NodeMCU, which connects to the cloud server.
Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy. Nearly 60% of our country’s population hinge on agriculture and its by-products for its source of revenue. Hence proper maintenance of agricultural farm plays a pivotal role. Many on field sensor monitorization techniques has been implemented previously and it has produced incredible results in crop cultivation and farm maintenance. The performance or lifetime of the on-field sensors may get abridged due to various environmental factors and human intervention. Hence, we propose an Intelligent Itinerant robot is introduced here to monitor the various agricultural field parameters remotely on demand basis which completely removes the concept ofon-field sensor fixation strategy. Moreover, the farmers can water the agricultural field remotely using a mobile application after the monitoring the humidity, temperature, soil moisture and soil pH values. This reduces the human workload to a huge extent and it also helps in improving the lifetime and performance of the sensors.
