The study presents a three-level meta-analysis examining the relationship between motivation and performance in virtual teams, based on 30 effect sizes from 19 quantitative studies involving 16,681 teams. A three-level random effects model yielded a pooled mean correlation of r = 0.304, a psychometric meta-analysis pooled correlation of r̂ = 0.278, and an estimated true-score correlation of ρ = 0.262, suggesting a modest but reliable relationship between the constructs. We observed substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 85.2
Significant attention has recently been received by Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) as an effective computational tool to solve Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). However, their performance on time-dependent problems is often hindered by challenges such as the violation of temporal causality, stiffness of the governing equations, and severe ill-conditioning in optimization landscape. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a Crank–Nicolson enhanced PINN that restores temporal causality through a deterministic spatiotemporal discretization. To further enhance optimization efficiency and accuracy, a two-phase training approach is introduced. In the phase 1, the network is trained to obtain a coarse but stable approximation of the solution. The second phase is specifically designed to achieve fast convergence and satisfy a prescribed accuracy tolerance, with initialization provided by the optimal parameters obtained in the first phase. Moreover, the generalization error of the proposed method is theoretically investigated using an energy-based analysis, where the error bound is derived via a quadrature rule and shown to be directly dependent on the training residual. The effectiveness of the suggested framework are demonstrated through a suite of benchmark problems, including one and two-dimensional Burgers’ equations with perturbations, the Navier–Stokes equations, and a spatiotemporal predator–prey model.
What are the connections between different ethnographic texts of a particular society that emerge in different times? How do these connections play out in practice in the writing of ethnography, and methodologically in ethnographic research and analysis? These questions will be explored in relation to the study of societies based in Jammu and Kashmir, and with specific interest on the Kashmiri Pandits. This article focuses on T.N. Madan's book Family and Kinship: a study of the Pandits of rural Kashmir. First published in 1966, this ethnography was a seminal text in the study of the Hindu family and was one of the first modern ethnographies set in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. I explore the place of this text in establishing a baseline for ethnographic studies of the Kashmiri Pandits that followed Madan's work, the anthropology and sociology of Kashmir, and how it interacts with the actual practice of ethnographic research in the region, including my own ethnographic work on the Kashmiri Pandits. Apart from serving as a source of knowledge, I discuss how Madan's monograph circulates among Pandits, thus considering the social life of Madan's text and how ethnographies circulate in different publics. The article therefore explores the relation between ethnographic texts that focus on the same people separated by time, theme, contexts their subjects inhabit, the contexts in which they are read and the connection contemporary ethnographies have with older texts in their descriptions of a particular society. The article looks at the tension that mark ethnographies as social science texts, as resources of a kind and as potential chronicles over time. Quels sont les liens entre les diff & eacute;rents textes ethnographiques sur une soci & eacute;t & eacute; donn & eacute;e qui apparaissent & agrave; diff & eacute;rentes & eacute;poques ? Comment ces liens se traduisent-ils dans la pratique dans la r & eacute;daction d'ethnographies et, sur le plan m & eacute;thodologique, dans la recherche et l'analyse ethnographiques ? Ces questions seront explor & eacute;es dans le cadre de l'& eacute;tude de soci & eacute;t & eacute;s bas & eacute;es au Jammu-et-Cachemire, et plus particuli & egrave;rement des pandits du Cachemire. La pr & eacute;sente & eacute;tude est centr & eacute;e sur l'ouvrage de T.N. Madan intitul & eacute; Family and Kinship: A Study of the Pandits of rural Kashmir (Famille et liens de parent & eacute;: une & eacute;tude des pandits du Cachemire rural). Publi & eacute; pour la premi & egrave;re fois en 1966, cette & eacute;tude ethnographique a & eacute;t & eacute; un texte fondateur dans l'& eacute;tude de la famille hindoue, et l'une des premi & egrave;res ethnographies modernes consacr & eacute;es & agrave; la r & eacute;gion du Jammu-et-Cachemire. Je m'int & eacute;resse & agrave; la place de cet ouvrage dans l'& eacute;tablissement d'une base de r & eacute;f & eacute;rence pour les & eacute;tudes ethnographiques sur les pandits du Cachemire qui ont suivi les travaux de Madan, l'anthropologie et la sociologie du Cachemire, et la mani & egrave;re dont ce texte fondateur interagit avec la pratique r & eacute;elle de la recherche ethnographique dans la r & eacute;gion, y compris mes propres travaux ethnographiques sur les pandits du Cachemire. Outre son usage comme source de connaissances, je m'int & eacute;resse & agrave; la mani & egrave;re dont la monographie de Madan circule parmi les pandits, examinant ainsi la vie sociale du texte de Madan et la mani & egrave;re dont les ethnographies circulent aupr & egrave;s de diff & eacute;rents publics. Cet article explore donc la relation entre des textes ethnographiques consacr & eacute;s aux m & ecirc;mes personnes & agrave; diff & eacute;rents moments, autour de diff & eacute;rents th & egrave;mes et dans diff & eacute;rents contextes dans lesquels vivent leurs sujets, les contextes dans lesquels ils sont lus, et le lien entre les ethnographies contemporaines et les textes plus anciens dans leurs descriptions d'une soci & eacute;t & eacute; donn & eacute;e. L'article examine la tension qui caract & eacute;rise les ethnographies en tant que textes de sciences sociales, en tant que ressources d'un certain type et en tant que chroniques potentielles & agrave; travers le temps. & iquest;Qu & eacute; conexiones existen entre los distintos textos etnogr & aacute;ficos de una sociedad concreta que surgen en diferentes & eacute;pocas? & iquest;C & oacute;mo se manifiestan estas conexiones en la pr & aacute;ctica, en la escritura etnogr & aacute;fica, y metodol & oacute;gicamente en la investigaci & oacute;n y el an & aacute;lisis etnogr & aacute;ficos? Estas preguntas se exploran en el contexto del estudio de las sociedades de Jammu y Cachemira, con especial inter & eacute;s en los pandits de Cachemira. Este trabajo se centra en la obra de T.N. Madan, Family and Kinship: A Study of the Pandits of rural Kashmir (Familia y parentesco: un estudio de los pandits de la Cachemira rural). Publicada por primera vez en 1966, esta etnograf & iacute;a fue un texto fundamental en el estudio de la familia hind & uacute; y una de las primeras etnograf & iacute;as modernas ambientadas en la regi & oacute;n de Jammu y Cachemira. El art & iacute;culo explora el lugar de este texto en el establecimiento de una base de referencia para los estudios etnogr & aacute;ficos sobre los pandits de Cachemira que siguieron al trabajo de Madan, la antropolog & iacute;a y la sociolog & iacute;a de Cachemira, y la forma en que este texto interact & uacute;a con la pr & aacute;ctica real de la investigaci & oacute;n etnogr & aacute;fica en la regi & oacute;n, incluyendo mi propio trabajo etnogr & aacute;fico sobre los pandits de Cachemira. Adem & aacute;s de servir como fuente de conocimiento, se analiza c & oacute;mo la monograf & iacute;a de Madan circula entre los pandits, considerando as & iacute; la vida social del texto de Madan y la manera en que las etnograf & iacute;as circulan en diferentes p & uacute;blicos. Por lo tanto, el art & iacute;culo explora la relaci & oacute;n entre textos etnogr & aacute;ficos que se centran en las mismas personas en momentos diferentes el tiempo, a trav & eacute;s de diferentes temas y diferentes contextos en los que habitan sus sujetos, los contextos en los que son le & iacute;dos y la conexi & oacute;n que las etnograf & iacute;as contempor & aacute;neas tienen con textos m & aacute;s antiguos en sus descripciones de una sociedad concreta. El art & iacute;culo examina la tensi & oacute;n que caracteriza a las etnograf & iacute;as como textos de ciencias sociales, como un tipo de recurso y como cr & oacute;nicas potenciales a trav & eacute;s del tiempo.
The Indigenous Ecological Knowledge (IEK) is the collective lived experiences, oral histories, place-based wisdom, and inter-generational knowledge that guides on how Indigenous communities perceive, relate, interact, and manage their local ecosystems. It informs their culture, and practices, and includes an endemic understanding of agency, personhood, and rights that inform their relationship and interactions with nature. However, when legal structures attempt to adopt the concept of RoN without engaging with Indigenous Peoples, they may inadvertently undermine the IEK of these communities, effectively robbing them of their wisdom and stewardship. Drawing on evidence from Kattunayakans, a hunter-forager community in Southern India, we show how Indigenous understandings of agency, rights, and personhood are active but often overlooked in RoN debates. By highlighting Kattunayakan ontologies of IEK, we argue that insufficient (or in many cases without) engagement with the RoN framework can reinforce distorted perceptions of Indigenous Peoples as “ecologically noble” and romanticize their relationship with nature. This places the burden of protection on Indigenous peoples while also excluding them from conservation. As observed, granting forests legal personality can restrict their access, cultural practices, and subsistence activities, similarly rivers with personhood may limit spiritual use, daily needs, and fishing. In this paper we explain that RoN in India should integrate bottom-up to engage with the complexity of Indigenous-nature relationships appropriately. Moreover, integrating IEK into legal frameworks allows the RoN to function by leveraging Indigenous knowledge, deconstructing its colonial legacy, and building Indigenous support for its implementation. This ensures that RoN promotes ethical and equitable environmental governance.
We present a trust-region-based adaptive finite-element algorithm for numerically solving a class of nonsmooth PDE-constrained optimization problems that includes problems with sparsifying regularizers and convex constraints. In particular, we consider the class of problems whose objective function is the sum of a smooth, possibly nonconvex, function and a nonsmooth extended real-valued convex function. Our method combines the robustness of inexact trust-region algorithms for nonsmooth problems with the efficiency of adaptive finite-element discretizations. Starting from a coarse mesh, the algorithm automatically refines the discretization based on reliable a posteriori error estimators for both the state and adjoint equations, systematically controlling the accuracy of the computed smooth objective function value and gradient. This adaptivity mechanism balances computational cost and solution accuracy, enabling high resolution of localized phenomena and sparsity structures in the state and control variables. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm through numerical experiments on representative control and topology optimization examples.
