This study investigates two burial-related remagnetizations in the Jaca-Pamplona foreland basin (Southern Pyrenees): one with dual polarity and a positive reversals test, and another with only reverse polarity. These components, labeled C3 and C4 based on their mean unblocking temperatures, were identified from a paleomagnetic analysis of 142 sites in Eocene turbidites of the Hecho Group. Component C3 shows unblocking temperatures of 250 degrees C-350 degrees C, systematic reverse polarity, and a predominantly post-folding timing. Component C4 exhibits unblocking temperatures of 250 degrees C-550 degrees C, dual polarity and a mainly syn-to postfolding acquisition. The spatial distribution of C4 polarity defines WNW-ESE bands parallel to structures and younging southward. The acquisition of C4 is interpreted as a chemical remagnetization triggered by progressive burial driven by combined sedimentary and tectonic loading that increased temperatures (up to similar to 250 degrees C in the deeper northern sectors, according to previous paleotemperature studies). This thermal evolution promoted authigenic, stable single-domain magnetite growth, beginning during the Lutetian (chron C20) and probably ending in the Rupelian (chrons C11-C10) as uplift and exhumation progressed. In contrast, the reverse polarity and post-folding behavior of component C3 suggest a mixed origin involving both chemical remagnetization and a thermoviscous overprint during the long chron C12r (Rupelian), contemporaneous with the youngest reverse C4 band and preceding the final exhumation of the basin. These findings highlight the complex interplay among tectonics, sedimentation, and chemical remagnetization processes in the South Pyrenean foreland, providing new insight into the timing and kinetics of remagnetization in fold-and-thrust belts.
As global agricultural demands drive an unprecedented rise in pesticide application, the persistence of these often-carcinogenic compounds in aquatic ecosystems poses a critical threat to human health and biodiversity. Photocatalysis has emerged as a premier remediation strategy due to its environmental compatibility, high efficiency, and low energy requirements. However, the practical application of pristine semiconductor photocatalysts is severely hindered by limited visible-light absorption, rapid charge carrier recombination, and sluggish electron–hole migration. This review provides a comprehensive classification of pesticides alongside a rigorous evaluation of modern strategies to overcome these inherent catalytic limitations. A central finding of this study is that doped and graphene-based nanocomposites consistently and significantly outperform their pristine counterparts. By interfacing semiconductors with metal, non-metal, or noble-metal dopants, researchers can achieve a synergistic "red shift" in light absorption and enhanced charge separation. Specifically, the integration of graphene derivatives facilitates superior electrical conductivity and surface area, while noble metals function as efficient electron traps. This article details the underlying degradation mechanisms and provides a comparative analysis of dopant-specific advantages. Finally, critical pathways for transitioning these high-performance materials from laboratory-scale experiments to industrial-scale wastewater treatment, emphasizing the necessity for green synthesis and real-world matrix testing is also discussed.
Amphibole in peridotite xenoliths in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the Massif Central, France, is generally sparse but widely distributed. Here, we discuss its origin in the xenolith suite of Marais de Limagne (Devès volcanic field) and its bearing on evolution of lithospheric mantle in the southern part of the Massif Central. The xenoliths are lherzolites containing (1) no amphibole, (2) 2–5 vol.
This study examines how citizens and politicians evaluate different types of political conflict. Conflicts can be substantive in nature, involving disagreements over policy measures or clashes over core ideological values, or less substantive, concerning strategic relationships between parties. While conflict is inherent to politics, we know little about how different types of conflict are perceived by the public and how this differs from the perceptions of political elites. Whether citizens and their elected representatives share a common understanding of the role of conflict in politics is crucial, as misalignment may hamper political representation and effective governance. Empirically, our study relies on a survey experiment conducted among citizens (N = 8264) and politicians (N = 331) in four countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Switzerland) to investigate whether different types of conflict lead to different evaluations. Our results show that politicians are more likely to endorse ideological conflicts (over goals or core values) and substantive conflicts (over policy measures), yet citizens are more likely to approve of personal conflicts than politicians. Furthermore, politicians judge citizens' perceptions of substantive and ideological conflicts more positively than citizens themselves and overestimate the concern citizens have with personal conflicts. These results may have important implications. If politicians fail to recognize that citizens are less accepting of political conflicts, this might be detrimental for trust in political parties and democracy at large - thus undermining the legitimacy of the political system.
This article reviews the short-, medium-, and long-term prospects for characterizing rocky exoplanets, a central goal of contemporary astrophysics. The primary objectives are to determine whether these planets host atmospheres; if so, to constrain their molecular composition and search for potential biosignatures; if not, to infer their surface composition and thereby enabling a form of exo-geology. In the near term, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will continue to lead this effort through photometric and spectroscopic observations of transits, eclipses, and phase curves, primarily targeting rocky exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs, including a limited number within their habitable zones. By the early 2030s, Giant Segmented-Mirror Telescopes (GSMTs) will provide the combination of high angular resolution, high contrast, and high spectral resolution needed to characterize rocky exoplanets around nearby M dwarfs via direct imaging, significantly broadening the accessible target sample and enabling detailed atmospheric and surface studies. Extending these investigations to rocky exoplanets orbiting solar-type stars, particularly those within habitable zones, will require the launch of next-generation space observatories in the 2040s, such as the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), optimized for ultraviolet-to-near-infrared observations, and the Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE), designed for mid-infrared interferometry. In parallel, characterizing the broader planetary environment — including host stars and additional companions — will provide essential context. Missions such as Gaia (astrometric detection of companions), PLATO, Earth 2.0 (stellar characterization via asteroseismology), and Ariel (population-level atmospheric studies) will offer critical complementary insights into the architectures and habitability of nearby planetary systems.
