Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam

Food additives are available in wide ranges and varieties. Safety testing and research have gained a great deal of importance based on the demand for clarification on the dose and toxic effects produced by food additives. Food additives were introduced into the market every year to meet demand. Research started with a deep insight into investigation on the effects of food additives. Mitochondrial pathways are affected by various types of food additives such as preservatives, stabilizers, sweeteners, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and miscellaneous. The research was carried out at a cellular level and on diverse organelles such as mitochondria. The cellular level of understanding the mechanism of food additives' effect on mitochondria is important. Mitochondrial integrity improved by food additives enhanced inner mitochondrial membrane energization, increased ATP production, reduced reactive oxygen species formation, and decreased lipid peroxidation. A new strategy for cancer therapy has emerged as a novel strategy to tackle different metabolic diseases. Understanding the cellular level effects of food additives has become critical for understanding mechanisms such as targeting mitochondria.

This study presents a detailed investigation of Ni/Cu/Fe2O3:Bi2O3/n-GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) heterojunctions, focusing on their structural, chemical, and electrical properties. Fe2O3:Bi2O3 composite films were successfully deposited on n-GaN substrates, as confirmed by glancing-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which verified the film’s crystallinity, composition, and the formation of a uniform insulating layer. XPS further confirmed the presence of key elements and proper interface formation between the metal electrodes and the semiconductor. Electrical measurements revealed that the MOS exhibited clear rectifying behavior with reduced leakage current compared to the conventional Schottky junction (SJ). Analysis of key parameters including Schottky barrier height (Φb), ideality factor (n), and series resistance (Rₛ) was conducted using multiple extraction methods (Cheung’s, F(V)–V, and ΨS–V), all showing good agreement. The forward I–V characteristics of both SJ and MOS HJs demonstrated ohmic behavior at lower voltage regions, transitioning to space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC) at higher voltages. This transition confirms the influence of interface states and trap-assisted conduction in determining the electrical transport mechanism. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of Fe2O3:Bi2O3 nanocomposites as insulating layers in GaN-based MOS devices and underscore their potential for future optoelectronic applications.

This paper presents a new BCD adder is designed that selects either a normal result or an excess-6 result. Conventional BCD adders are constructed using two ripple-carry binary adders and additional correction logic. The performance of BCD adders can be enhanced by optimizing their internal binary adders. This paper proposes an optimized 4-bit Excess-6 select BCD adder (E6BCD) using a new Excess-6 Block (E6B) in the second stage. The second 4-bit binary adder is replaced with a new E6B, which reduces circuit complexity, transistor count, power dissipation, and delay. A novel E6BCD topology uses a 10:5 multiplexer that allows the selection of either a normal result (less than or equal to 9) or an excess-6 result based on the correction logic output fed to the selection line. All the proposed and existing designs were simulated and synthesized at 90 nm technology using cadence tools, that is, Innovus and Genus. By eliminating the binary adder and unnecessary addition, even if the result is less than or equal to 9, the proposed E6BCD outperforms the existing designs in terms of speed and power by 25% and 15%, respectively.

Microplastics and nanoplastics are increasingly recognized as chemically active particulate systems rather than inert environmental debris. Through environmental aging, additive leaching, and surface functionalization, these particles acquire dynamic interfaces that influence their interactions with biological systems. This review integrates advances in particle science and chemical biology to critically examine how microplastics may modulate cellular signaling, gene regulation, and epigenetic processes. Key physicochemical features, including polymer composition, surface chemistry, protein corona formation, and contaminant adsorption, are proposed to influence cellular uptake and organelle interactions, and may contribute to the activation of redox-sensitive pathways such as MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt, primarily through sustained oxidative stress and redox imbalance. Emerging but still limited evidence linking microplastic exposure to DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA dysregulation is critically evaluated, with attention to possible transgenerational effects. By shifting from size- and mass-based descriptors to reactivity- and interface-driven frameworks, this review highlights new directions for particle toxicology and risk assessment.

Women are the cornerstone of inclusive and sustainable economic development. However, for numerous women entrepreneurs in rural and semi-urban India, accessing government funds is still a challenge. Although numerous schemes are available, complex processes and low levels of digital literacy among women act as a deterrent. This paper evaluates a bilingual, AI-based platform called womenbizsupport.com, designed to bridge the gender gap in business by offering a simplified means to access information on funding. It matches women entrepreneurs to appropriate schemes, helps them understand the eligibility criteria, and guides through the application process. A total of 310 women in Tirupati District attended this structured training programme, followed by an evaluation prior to and subsequent to the training. The findings revealed improvements in digital literacy, KYC documentation, awareness of funding schemes, and preparation of structured business plans. The results also revealed that closing the gap between the policy intentions and access to finance requires managed development of skills.