Sri Pratap College, commonly known as SP College, is an academic and professional college in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is the oldest institute of higher education in India's Kashmir.
The utilization of mobile sink in spite of its points of interest carries new difficulties to WSNs. The principle disputes are the position update of sink node to the hub. Every sensor hub should know about the sink position all together that it can move its information to the sink. Existing Flooding technique proposed that the portable sink needs to consistently spread its situation all through the system to advise sensor hubs regarding the sink position. In any case, visit position refreshes from the sink can prompt both maximum power utilization and amplified crashes in the network. To diminish the updation of sink position, different types of routing structures can be utilized. A routing mechanism dependent on the mobile sink is effective if it limits the power utilization and delays in the system network. The primary intention of the study is to design an energy embedded routing protocol based on optimal updation of the mobile sink. Here, the most recent sink position will be spared in the hubs developing the implicit environment. Accordingly, in Embedded routing, the position of the sink node is proliferated to the sensor hubs situated at the discs instead of the solicitation of hubs in the system. The remainder of the hubs can locate the most recent sink position by forwarding solicitation information to the closest disc. Based on the received information, the receiver of the message is identified. This will be performed by optimal fuzzy based clustering technique. The optimization can be done by Oppositional grey wolf optimization (OGWO) algorithm. The efficiency is analyzed by maximum network lifetime, minimum delay etc. The results will be analyzed and compared with existing routing protocols to ensure the efficiency.
Introduction Green-synthesized metal nanoparticles, primarily derived from plant sources, have attracted interest due to their inherent sustainability. In this study, we reported the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using an aqueous extract of dried lemon peel. In addition, antibacterial activity and in silico analysis of the as-prepared ZnO NPs were performed.Methods Different techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Zeta potential were used to confirm the synthesis of ZnO NPs using lemon peel extract. MIC and disk diffusion assays were performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the ZnO NPs. In silico target prediction and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of phytochemical compounds present in the lemon peel extract were performed.Results Multiple characterization techniques demonstrate the production of ZnO NPs from the lemon peel extract as a capping and stabilizing agent. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles was assessed against six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) varying from 5 to 15 mu g/mL. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity was evaluated by well and disc diffusion assays at different concentrations, confirming its antibacterial activity. Biofilm inhibition was observed at concentrations of 50 mu g/mL and 75 mu g/mL. In addition, in silico target prediction and PPI network analysis of major lemon peel-derived phytochemicals (eriocitrin, hesperidin, and pectin), which may remain associated with the biosynthesized nanoparticles as capping or stabilizing agents, revealed interactions with multiple bacterial proteins, particularly in E. coli, with significant enrichment in nucleotide biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and central carbon metabolism pathways.Discussion Overall, the results suggest that biogenic ZnO NPs exhibit strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. Computational analyses further indicate that major lemon peel-derived phytochemicals associated with nanoparticle synthesis may contribute to antibacterial activity through interactions with multiple bacterial metabolic pathways, alongside established ZnO-mediated mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species generation, membrane disruption, and zinc ion release.
MXenes are a family of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and nitrides. Their dielectric response is not fixed; it changes with termination chemistry, sheet arrangement, and the local environment around each flake. This review follows those changes across surface/interface modification, filler design, and thermal treatment, with emphasis on polarization, charge transport, dielectric loss, breakdown behavior, and microwave impedance matching. The examples include polymeric, ceramic, carbon-containing, MOF-derived, and other hybrid systems used from low-frequency dielectrics to GHz electromagnetic devices. A feature that helps in one regime can become a drawback in another. Stronger interfacial polarization or a more conductive network may improve permittivity or attenuation, for example, but it can also increase leakage, dielectric loss, or reflection. Oxidation, restacking, scale-up, and differences in measurement conditions further complicate comparisons between studies. We therefore discuss dielectric performance as an application-specific balance among surface chemistry, layer structure, and charge transport, rather than as a search for the largest single value. Future work should focus on stable processing, reproducible measurements, and device integration in flexible, printable, and adaptive platforms. Because Ti3C2Tx dominates the dielectric literature available for direct comparison, it receives most attention here; other MXene chemistries are included where they provide a meaningful contrast.
Paracetamol is a well-known drug used as analgesic and antipyretic. The synthesis of paracetamol is an important experiment in the syllabi of secondary and postsecondary courses of different universities, world over. Generally, it is prepared by reacting p-aminophenol with acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of pyridine and sulfuric acid. The usage of pyridine and sulfuric acid makes the synthesis hazardous and therefore, unsafe for students. Green chemistry is being taught as a core paper to secondary and postsecondary students, globally. Green chemistry approaches can be employed for the laboratory synthesis of paracetamol, whereby the use of pyridine and acid can be avoided to make the reaction comparatively safer for students. Taking into account the importance of green chemistry approaches and the synthesis of paracetamol as a laboratory experiment, this paper reports a facile and greener mechanochemical laboratory experiment for the synthesis of paracetamol by reacting p-aminophenol with acetyl chloride. The identification of the synthesized paracetamol was ascertained by comparison of its physical properties (physical state, appearance, melting point, and solubility) and chromatographic properties (thin-layer chromatography) with paracetamol extracted from Dolo-650 tablets. In addition, the identification of paracetamol was ascertained by simple chemical tests (ferric chloride and oxidation with potassium dichromate). This experiment serves as an interesting instructive approach for understanding mechanochemical organic synthesis, green chemistry, drug extraction from solid dosage formulations, identification of organic drugs from property comparison with standard drugs, and simple chemical tests without using high-end characterization techniques.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) remains one of the important targets for treating patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently there are no complete treatments available for the disease. This study is aimed to virtually identify novel cis-hydroxycinnamic acid with potential to inhibit AChE enzyme. A series of 21 alkyl/aryl derivatives of cis-o-hydroxycinnamic acid was hypothesized. The compounds were subjected to molecular docking using Auto Dock tools to find the binding interactions of the compounds with the target protein, acetylcholinesterase. About 14 compounds displayed predicted binding affinity ranging from − 9.83 to − 13.88 kcal/mol in comparison to standard Donepezil displaying ΔG of − 11.46 kcal/mol. Swiss ADME and Deep PK deduced their drug likeness and ADMET profile. The results of binding interactions were validated through DFT calculations using ORCA that helped to calculate various electronic parameters, frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential maps. Compounds 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 displayed appreciable binding interactions, majority of drug likeness parameters, optimal pharmacokinetic and electronic profile. However, the most balanced and favourable profile was observed for compounds 14 and 19 which demonstrated the need for evaluating the flexibility and structural rigidity of the docked complexes using Cabs-flex and IMODS. The docked complexes of both the compounds 14 and 19 revealed the optimal flexibility and physical movement. The findings in this study thus reveal that these derivatives of cis-o-hydroxycinnamic acid have the potential to act as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. However, experimental studies need to be carried out to further validate this in silico study.
