Sri Pratap College, commonly known as SP College, is an academic and professional college in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is the oldest institute of higher education in India's Kashmir.
The utilization of mobile sink in spite of its points of interest carries new difficulties to WSNs. The principle disputes are the position update of sink node to the hub. Every sensor hub should know about the sink position all together that it can move its information to the sink. Existing Flooding technique proposed that the portable sink needs to consistently spread its situation all through the system to advise sensor hubs regarding the sink position. In any case, visit position refreshes from the sink can prompt both maximum power utilization and amplified crashes in the network. To diminish the updation of sink position, different types of routing structures can be utilized. A routing mechanism dependent on the mobile sink is effective if it limits the power utilization and delays in the system network. The primary intention of the study is to design an energy embedded routing protocol based on optimal updation of the mobile sink. Here, the most recent sink position will be spared in the hubs developing the implicit environment. Accordingly, in Embedded routing, the position of the sink node is proliferated to the sensor hubs situated at the discs instead of the solicitation of hubs in the system. The remainder of the hubs can locate the most recent sink position by forwarding solicitation information to the closest disc. Based on the received information, the receiver of the message is identified. This will be performed by optimal fuzzy based clustering technique. The optimization can be done by Oppositional grey wolf optimization (OGWO) algorithm. The efficiency is analyzed by maximum network lifetime, minimum delay etc. The results will be analyzed and compared with existing routing protocols to ensure the efficiency.
IntroductionGreen-synthesized metal nanoparticles, primarily derived from plant sources, have attracted interest due to their inherent sustainability. In this study, we reported the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using an aqueous extract of dried lemon peel. In addition, antibacterial activity and in silico analysis of the as-prepared ZnO NPs were performed.MethodsDifferent techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Zeta potential were used to confirm the synthesis of ZnO NPs using lemon peel extract. MIC and disk diffusion assays were performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the ZnO NPs. In silico target prediction and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of phytochemical compounds present in the lemon peel extract were performed.ResultsMultiple characterization techniques demonstrate the production of ZnO NPs from the lemon peel extract as a capping and stabilizing agent. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles was assessed against six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) varying from 5 to 15 μg/mL. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity was evaluated by well and disc diffusion assays at different concentrations, confirming its antibacterial activity. Biofilm inhibition was observed at concentrations of 50 μg/mL and 75 μg/mL. In addition, in silico target prediction and PPI network analysis of major lemon peel-derived phytochemicals (eriocitrin, hesperidin, and pectin), which may remain associated with the biosynthesized nanoparticles as capping or stabilizing agents, revealed interactions with multiple bacterial proteins, particularly in E. coli, with significant enrichment in nucleotide biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and central carbon metabolism pathways.DiscussionOverall, the results suggest that biogenic ZnO NPs exhibit strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. Computational analyses further indicate that major lemon peel-derived phytochemicals associated with nanoparticle synthesis may contribute to antibacterial activity through interactions with multiple bacterial metabolic pathways, alongside established ZnO-mediated mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species generation, membrane disruption, and zinc ion release.
MXenes are a family of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and nitrides. Their dielectric response is not fixed; it changes with termination chemistry, sheet arrangement, and the local environment around each flake. This review follows those changes across surface/interface modification, filler design, and thermal treatment, with emphasis on polarization, charge transport, dielectric loss, breakdown behavior, and microwave impedance matching. The examples include polymeric, ceramic, carbon-containing, MOF-derived, and other hybrid systems used from low-frequency dielectrics to GHz electromagnetic devices. A feature that helps in one regime can become a drawback in another. Stronger interfacial polarization or a more conductive network may improve permittivity or attenuation, for example, but it can also increase leakage, dielectric loss, or reflection. Oxidation, restacking, scale-up, and differences in measurement conditions further complicate comparisons between studies. We therefore discuss dielectric performance as an application-specific balance among surface chemistry, layer structure, and charge transport, rather than as a search for the largest single value. Future work should focus on stable processing, reproducible measurements, and device integration in flexible, printable, and adaptive platforms. Because Ti3C2Tx dominates the dielectric literature available for direct comparison, it receives most attention here; other MXene chemistries are included where they provide a meaningful contrast.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a life-threatening disease that ranks sixth amongst the most common human cancers worldwide. In most cases, OSCC development is preceded by oral premalignant disorders (OPMDs). There is an urgent need for more biomarker studies that will aid in early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of OPMD to prevent their transformation to OSCC. Leucine rich repeats and immunoglobulin like domains 1 (LRIG1) are known to negatively regulate EGFR expression. Little is known about the significance of LRIG1 in oral cancer pathogenesis. In a retrospective study, immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR and LRIG1 was carried out in 212 archival oral tissues (100 OSCC, 87 OPMD, and 25 normal), correlated with clinicopathological parameters and disease outcome over 62 months for OSCC patients. Further, gene expression for EGFR and LRIG1 was also evaluated in 160 tissue samples. Significant increase in EGFR in OSCC tissue was observed compared to controls, while LRIG1 levels were found to be downregulated in OSCC and OPMD cases compared to normal tissues (p < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis of patients stratified to high and low LRIG1 expression showed significantly different overall survival (p < 0.05, median survival 1397 and 561 days, respectively). A unique translational impact of our study is that it provides clinical evidence for the potential of LRIG1 downregulation as predictor of poor prognosis in OSCC. These preliminary findings support further research to validate LRIG1 based prognostic tools for oral cancers.
Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the major public health problems among school-age children, especially in areas lacking adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene. The present cross-sectional study aimed to investigate intestinal parasitic infections, anthropometric status, and the physicochemical characteristics of school-site drinking water among children aged 7–11 years attending four government schools in the Dal Lake region of Srinagar, India. Between September and November 2025, one drinking-water sample was collected monthly from each school, resulting in 12 site-month samples in total. Stool specimens from 155 children were examined microscopically using direct wet mounts and a concentration method, while anthropometric measurements were available for 200 children. At least one intestinal parasite was detected in 96 of the 155 children (61.9%). Of the 155 children examined, 44 (28.4%) had Ascaris lumbricoides, 38 (24.5%) had Giardia lamblia, and 14 (9.0%) had Trichuris trichiura. Age-specific positivity ranged from 51.6% to 67.7%. Among the 200 children whose anthropometric status was assessed, 40 (20.0%) were stunted, 25 (12.5%) were thin, 110 (55.0%) had normal body mass index for age, 15 (7.5%) were overweight but not obese and 50 (25.0%) were obese. Physicochemical measurements varied among schools and months. However, because of the restricted water sampling duration, the absence of microbiological analysis of water and the failure to link individual-level data across study domains, waterborne transmission and exposure–outcome relationships could not be evaluated. The results provide a baseline for the area, which can support health surveillance and improved water and sanitation practices.
