The Steinbeis Foundation is an institute headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany dedicated to the transfer of academic findings and knowledge into the field of business. Established in its current form in 1971, the foundation encompasses the Steinbeis-Hochschule Berlin, hundreds of Steinbeis Transfer Centres and Transfer Institutes which operate as stand-alone profit centres. Many are based at German universities of dual education and applied sciences under the directorship of professors who also use the Steinbeis network to attract funding from industry into academic research and study.
ZusammenfassungDer pupillographische Schläfrigkeitstest (PST) ist eine Langzeitaufzeichnung des Pupillendurchmessers für eine Dauer von zirka elf Minuten mit dem Ziel der standardisierten Erfassung und Analyse von schläfrigkeitstypischen Oszillationen der Pupillenweite in Dunkelheit. Demgegenüber steht der Begriff Pupillographie bzw. Pupillometrie auch noch für die Aufzeichnungen des Pupillendurchmessers bei anderen Bedingungen, wie zum Beispiel bei Lichtreaktion oder Akkommodation. Deshalb sollte die hier dargestellte Methode keinesfalls mit der Messung des Pupillenlichtreflexes verwechselt werden, die zur Erfassung von Tagesschläfrigkeit nachgewiesener Maßen ungeeignet ist. Der PST erfasst – ebenso wie Multipler Schlaflatenztest (Multiple Sleep Latency Test, MSLT) und Multipler Wachbleibetest (Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, MWT) – die tonische zentralnervöse Aktivierung.
This position paper is based on the authors' many years of clinical experience and basic science research on the diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with a presymptomatic early stage of type 1 diabetes. The benefits as well as potential disadvantages of early detection of type 1 diabetes by islet autoantibody screening are critically discussed. In addition, the perspectives of delaying the onset of the clinical metabolic disease through treatment with teplizumab are addressed. Today, we see the chance for a relevant improvement in therapeutic options and life perspectives of affected children and adolescents. Important next steps for the implementation of islet autoantibody screening in Germany are the training of pediatricians who should inform families about the screening, establishment of a few transregional laboratories that carry out the test, and expansion of regional capacities for the training and care of children with an early stage of type 1 diabetes.
