This study reviews the regulations on the legal protection of workers who provide services through digital platforms in Peru, with the aim of analyzing their legal status and collective rights. To this end, a qualitative, descriptive approach was used, employing a review of regulatory, academic, and informative texts as a technique. As a result, it can be stated that these workers are identified as service providers, but in cases of contractual denaturalization, case law may classify them as dependent workers. With regard to collective rights, tacit recognition as independent workers and the free exercise of their collective rights were observed. In conclusion, the existence of dependent and non-dependent workers as a legal classification of this group is affirmed, as well as the exercise of collective rights that can ensure the legal protection of these workers.
Objective: To determine the correlation of frontal sinus dimensions with maxillary and mandibular lengths in lateral head radiographs of Latin American individuals from Peru and Brazil. Material and Methods: This correlation study evaluated 200 lateral head radiographs from Peruvian (n=100) and Brazilian (n=100) individuals aged 15 to 20 years. Two investigators were trained and calibrated to perform all measurements. Digital measurement of frontal sinus height and width was performed using specialized software. Subsequently, the maxillary (condylion to A point) and mandibular (condylion to gnathion—point) effective lengths were measured. Pearson correlation tests were used to assess the strength of the association. A significant level of p<0.05 was used. Results: A significant correlation was found between frontal sinus height and effective maxillary and mandibular lengths (p= 0.013 and p= 0.014, respectively). Frontal sinus width was also significantly correlated with effective maxillary and mandibular length (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). However, the correlations between frontal sinus height and width with maxillary and mandibular effective length were weak to moderate. Conclusion: The correlations between frontal sinus width and height and maxillary effective lengths are weak to moderate, indicating that, in most cases, as maxillary dimensions increase, frontal sinus lengths also increase but do not change by the same magnitude.
Introduction: This study aimed to analyze the current status of the geriatrics curricula in Peruvian faculties, identifying gaps and challenges for improving medical education in this specialty. Material and methods: This observational study evaluated the geriatric course syllabi of undergraduate medical programs of Peruvian-licensed universities authorized by the National University Higher Education (SUNEDU). Data on course characteristics, including whether the course was stand-alone or attached to another course, were collected and evaluated. Competencies were evaluated using the 5M framework. Results: Of the 44 universities selected, 27 offered a geriatrics course, the majority being private institutions. This course was mostly taken in the fifth year, and in 70.37% (n = 19 universities), it was considered a single course. None of the courses fully complied with the 5M framework, demonstrating deficiencies in teaching. Additionally, the study detected a shortage of geriatricians and a lack of standardization in training among institutions. Conclusions: There continue to be critical opportunities for bettering the geriatric curricula of Peruvian medical schools and undergraduate medical programs must be optimized to respond to the needs of older people as one of the main users of medical services. It is crucial to address these deficiencies by aligning university curricula with the epidemiological and demographic reality, equity and efficiency in providing services, and international recommendations on competencies in geriatrics and gerontology. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Espa & ntilde;a, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Kelp forests are vital marine ecosystems that support high biodiversity and provide essential economic and cultural services along one-third of the world's coastlines. However, many of these underwater forests are declining worldwide, prompting international initiatives to set ambitious conservation goals. The Kelp Forest Challenge, a global, grassroots initiative, aims to protect 3 million and restore 1 million ha of kelp by 2040. Achieving such area-based targets requires significant financial investment. Here we present the development of a global finance target for kelp forest conservation, formulated through a multi-stakeholder consultation and cost scenario analysis. We describe the methods used, including expert workshops and comparisons with analogous initiatives for coral reefs and mangroves. Three cost scenarios (low, medium, high) were identified for both kelp restoration and protection efforts based on global hectare targets and unit cost data. We estimate that total funding needs range from approximately $1.9 billion to $58 billion (USD), depending on cost assumptions. By using the middle cost assumptions, we propose a fundraising target of similar to$14 billion. The consultation process reached consensus on adopting the medium-cost scenario as a realistic yet ambitious funding target. In the discussion, we examine the implications of this target in the context of global conservation frameworks, addressing uncertainties (e.g., regional cost variability and knowledge gaps) and outline future research needs. This work provides a data-informed financial benchmark to mobilize resources for kelp forest restoration and protection, aligning kelp conservation with other global marine conservation "breakthrough" initiatives.
Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death globally, including the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. However, limited research has been conducted on the burden of CVD in this region. Our study aims to investigate the burden of CVD and related risk factors (RFs) in the LAC. Methods We used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 to examine CVD prevalence in 33 LAC countries. Prevalence, mortality, and incidence were analyzed using Bayesian regression tools, demographic methods, and mortality-to-incidence ratios. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated, and RFs were evaluated under the GBD's comparative risk assessment framework. Results Between 1990 and 2019, CVD raw rates in the LAC increased by 116.7 %, while age-standardized prevalence decreased (-9.2 %). CVD raw mortality rose by 71.2 %, but age-standardized death rates fell by 69.8 %. Ischemic heart disease remained the most prevalent condition, with higher rates in men, while women had higher rates of stroke. Age-standardized DALYs decreased by 70.9 %. DALY rates varied across countries and were consistently higher in males. Leading RFs included HTN, high LDL, dietary risks, and elevated BMI. Conclusions Despite progress in reducing the CVD burden in the LAC region, the impact on mortality and morbidity, particularly related to ischemic heart disease, remains substantial. Tailored interventions are necessary, considering country-specific variations in socio-economic factors, healthcare infrastructure, and political stability.
