The Swedish Academy (Swedish: Svenska Akademien), founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Its 18 members, who are elected for life, comprise the highest Swedish language authority. Outside Scandinavia, it is best known as the body that chooses the laureates for the annual Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in memory of the donor Alfred Nobel.
The aim of this article is to further analyse the situation of people in crisis of homelessness in the labour market, with a particular focus on their work experience, motivation for employ-ment and barriers to returning to professional activity. The text is a continuation of research, conducted in late December 2023 and early January 2024 in one of the Warsaw NGOs that supports people experiencing homelessness. The aim of the paper was to present both the perspective of homeless people themselves and the systemic context that affects their em-ployment opportunities. The article also seeks to identify factors that can foster socio-occupational reintegration and to highlight systemic challenges related to the activation of this group.
Abstract This book identifies and explains the key analytical issues (state knowledge, causation, and reasonableness) that need to be considered in determining whether a State is responsible under the European Convention on Human Rights for omissions. In addition to this technical analytical question, the book also reflects upon what is at stake for the political community when the triggering, the content, and the scope of positive human rights obligations are determined. A central question is then how the search for a balance between intrusion and restraint by the State, between protection and freedom from invasion, defines this community and pulls the analysis of state responsibility for omissions in different directions. Designed to become the main reference source concerning ECHR positive obligations, this book makes four main contributions. First, it covers an important gap by isolating and studying the separate analytical elements (state knowledge, causation, and reasonableness) underlying state responsibility for failure to fulfil positive obligations. It explains the structure of review, the analytical steps taken to ascertain state responsibility for omissions. Secondly, the book offers a serious appreciation of the dangers associated with positive obligations whose scope might be too expansive or content too intrusive. Thirdly, it explains the different types of positive obligations. Fourthly, it offers the first examination of the conceptual hurdles if positive obligations under the ECHR were to be applied extraterritorially.
Background: Oral diseases, prevalent globally, pose significant health challenges, especially in regions with limited healthcare resources. District Buner, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is one such area where oral health has received minimal attention. The study of oral diseases in this region is crucial for understanding the health needs of its population and for implementing effective public health interventions. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and types of oral diseases in District Buner and to identify the major contributing factors to these conditions, thereby informing targeted healthcare strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to October 2020 in all tehsils of District Buner. Data collection was based on questionnaires administered to both dentists and patients. Approximately 20 to 25 dentists from various healthcare facilities, including government hospitals and private clinics, participated in the study. The questionnaires for dentists consisted of ten open-ended questions, while those for patients included fifteen close-ended questions. The sample size was 508 individuals, representing various age groups and genders. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistical methods to determine prevalence rates and associations. Results: The study revealed that the most common oral diseases were dental caries (90%), gingivitis (63%), periodontitis (59%), pulpitis (43%), TMJ disorders (23%), and oral cancer (5%). Dental caries was notably prevalent across all age groups, with a higher incidence in children. Gingivitis was observed more in females, particularly during pregnancy. Periodontitis and gingivitis showed a greater prevalence in males, often associated with smoking. Pulpitis was more common in females, while TMJ disorders were evenly distributed among genders. Oral cancer was the least prevalent disease. Conclusion: The study underscores the critical need for improved oral health awareness and preventive care in District Buner. The high prevalence of various oral diseases, influenced by factors such as dietary habits, smoking, and gender-specific issues, calls for comprehensive public health strategies. These strategies should include education on oral hygiene, increased access to dental care, and integration of oral health into general healthcare services.
Exercise and education is recommended as first-line treatment by evidence-based, international guidelines for low back pain (LBP). Despite consensus regarding the treatment, there is a gap between guidelines and what is offered to patients. Digital LBP treatments are an emerging way of delivering first-line treatment.The aim of this study is to evaluate outcomes after participation in a 3-month digitally delivered treatment program for individuals with subacute or chronic LBP.We analyzed data from 2593 consecutively recruited participants in a digitally delivered treatment program, available via the national health care system in Sweden. The program consists of video-instructed and progressive adaptable exercises, education through text lessons, and a chat and video function connecting participants with a personal physiotherapist. The primary outcome was mean change and proportion reaching a minimal clinically important change (MCIC) for LBP (2 points or 30% decrease) assessed with the numerical rating scale (average pain during the past week, discrete boxes, 0-10, best to worst). Secondary outcomes were mean change and proportion reaching MCIC (10 points or 30%) in disability, assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI; 0-100, best to worst) and a question on patient acceptable symptom state (PASS).The mean participant age was 63 years, 73.85% (1915/2593) were female, 54.72% (1419/2593) had higher education, 50.56% (1311/2593) were retired, and the mean BMI was 26.5 kg/m2. Participants completed on average 84% of the prescribed exercises and lessons, with an adherence of ≥80% in 69.26% (1796/2593) and ≥90% in 50.13% (1300/2593) of the participants. Mean reduction in pain from baseline to 3 months was 1.7 (95% CI -1.8 to -1.6), corresponding to a 35% relative change. MCIC was reached by 58.50% (1517/2593) of participants. ODI decreased 4 points (95% CI -4.5 to -3.7), and 36.48% (946/2593) reached an MCIC. A change from no to yes in PASS was seen in 30.35% (787/2593) of participants. Multivariable analysis showed positive associations between reaching an MCIC in pain and high baseline pain (odds ratio [OR] 1.9, 95% CI 1.6-2.1), adherence (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.8), and motivation (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.5), while we found negative associations for wish for surgery (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.9) and pain in other joints (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.7-0.9). We found no associations between sociodemographic characteristics and pain reduction.Participants in this digitally delivered treatment for LBP had reduced pain at 3-month follow-up, and 58.50% (1517/2593) reported an MCIC in pain. Our findings suggest that digital treatment programs can reduce pain at clinically important levels for people with high adherence to treatment but that those with such severe LBP problems that they wish to undergo surgery may benefit from additional support.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05226156; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05226156.
