Synergy University

The purpose of the article is to identify the key directions of ESG development in the banking sector and to determine the problems that limit the inclusion of environmental, social and governance factors in banking business processes. The article considers ESG as a factor in the transformation of banking activities, affecting credit policy, risk management, disclosure, corporate governance and borrower assessment. The methodological basis of the study includes the analysis of scientific literature, the systematization of ESG transformation directions in banks, and a comparative generalization of Russian and foreign approaches to sustainable finance and ESG risk assessment. The article substantiates that ESG development in the banking sector is associated with the transition from separate social, environmental and reputational initiatives to the operational consideration of non-financial factors in lending, asset management, borrower monitoring and internal control. The main directions of ESG development are identified: green and transition finance, ESG lending, ESG scoring of borrowers, ESG covenants, sustainability disclosure and digitalization of monitoring. The study shows that the key limitations are methodological heterogeneity of ESG assessment, lack of comparable information, greenwashing risks and weak connection between ESG policy and credit decisions. Further research may focus on developing a methodology for assessing a borrower’s ESG profile in credit risk analysis.

цель данной статьи состоит в анализе религиозной политики немецкой оккупационной администрации на временно оккупированной территории Украины в 1941-1944 годах. Новизна исследования заключается в сравнении данных документов, авторами которых являлись немецкие чиновники, с информацией недавно рассекреченных документов советских органов безопасности. Эти источники свидетельствуют о наличии достаточно широкой поддержки оккупантов со стороны многих представителей украинской интеллигенции, рядовых верующих и церковнослужителей. Особое внимание автор уделяет истории Украинской автокефальной православной церкви. Как свидетельствуют документы, эта организация превратилась в орудие в руках радикальных украинских националистов, что привело к серьёзному изменению в отношении немецких оккупационных властей к этой Украинской автокефальной православной церкви. Изначально она рассматривалась немцами как источник политической поддержки, но затем они стали видеть в ней источник опасности для своей власти. Это, в свою очередь, привело к конфликту между немецкой администрацией и Украинской автокефальной православной церковью. История данного конфликта во многом повторяет тот путь, который прошли представители автокефального движения в своих отношениях с властью в Советском Союзе в 1920-1930-е годы. the article is devoted to the history of the German occupational administration’s religious policy on the Ukraine’s temporarily occupied territory in 1941-1944 years. The novelty of the research lies in the comparison of the data of documents written by German occupational officials, with the information of recently declassified documents of. According to these documents, the occupational administration had a “grass-root” support among the Ukrainian intelligentsia, ordinary believers, and churchmen. The author focuses his attention on the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. It became a tool of the Ukrainian radical nationalists’ political struggle. This fact caused the shift in the attitude of German occupational administration towards Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. At first Germans considered this religious organisation as a source of political support, but afterwards they started to consider the Autocephalous movement as a threat to their power. This situation led to the conflict between German administration and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. The history of the relations between Germans and the Ukrainian Autocephalous movement are very similar to the history of the Autocephalous Ukraine Orthodox Church in the USSR in 1920-1930s.

The relevance of this study lies in the rapid growth of the platform economy and the significant number of challenges emerging in its operation. The aim of the research is to identify the key strengths and weaknesses of online marketplaces from the perspectives of consumers and sellers. Consumers primarily value cost savings offered by platforms (53–66%) and the convenience of online shopping (51–63%). However, major drawbacks for consumers include the risk of receiving low-quality goods, difficulties with returns and exchanges, and information overload. The study highlights objective challenges in accurately representing product quality on online platforms. The most significant drawback of online sales is the creation of a “vicious cycle” initiated by the difficulty consumers face in assessing product quality, which provokes a price-cutting race where sellers who sacrifice product quality come out ahead. Over time, this undermines the platform’s reputation as a reliable marketplace. The second key contradiction lies in power and control. Platforms centralize infrastructure, communication, and data, gaining dominant influence over sellers. As a result, sellers shift from being partners to dependent agents, severely limited in their ability to collect customer feedback, build brand loyalty, or develop their own brand identity. This dependency manifests in several challenges: high commission fees (reported by 40–50% of surveyed sellers), difficulties with returns (18%), issues dealing with dishonest buyers (15%), advertising limitations (13%), intense competition among similar products (12%), account suspension risks (12%), and general difficulties in cooperating with the platform (10%).

целью исследования является оценка взаимосвязи технической оснащённости предприятий фармацевтической промышленности и уровнем внедрения современных цифровых технологий. Методы: в качестве методов исследования для выявления взаимосвязей между износом оборудования и уровнем цифровизации используются методы описательной статистики и структурного анализа. Результаты (Findings): результаты исследования показали наличие прямой зависимости между технической оснащенностью и цифровой зрелостью предприятий. Определено, что снижение износа основных фондов через системное обновление оборудования создаёт условия для эффективного внедрения автоматизированных и интеллектуальных систем, повышает производственную гибкость и обеспечивает соответствие международным стандартам качества. Выводы: результаты полученных расчетов показали, что модернизация основных фондов и целенаправленные инвестиции в технологическое обновление являются необходимыми условиями для успешной цифровой трансформации фармацевтических предприятий, повышения эффективности и устойчивого развития отрасли. the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the technical equipment of pharmaceutical companies and the level of implementation of modern digital technologies. Methods: this study utilizes descriptive statistics and structural analysis to identify the relationship between equipment depreciation and the level of digitalization. Findings: the study demonstrated a direct correlation between the technical equipment and digital maturity of companies. Reducing the depreciation of fixed assets through systematic equipment upgrades creates conditions for the effective implementation of automated and intelligent systems, increases production flexibility, and ensures compliance with international quality standards. Conclusions: the results of the calculations demonstrate that the modernization of fixed assets and targeted investments in technological upgrades are essential for the successful digital transformation of pharmaceutical companies, improving efficiency, and ensuring sustainable development of the industry.

This article examines the specifics of developing platform business models in the dietary supplement market amid the digital transformation of the economy. It analyzes theoretical approaches to the platform economy and identifies key factors shaping the development of this segment, including network effects, data use, changing consumer behavior, and institutional constraints. Particular attention is paid to the role of digital platforms as trust brokers in the face of high information asymmetry in the dietary supplement market. The paper systematizes the main types of platform business models, including marketplaces, direct-to-consumer (D2C) models, and ecosystem solutions, and identifies their competitive advantages and risks. Based on the analysis, it is argued that the further development of the dietary supplement market will be associated with increased personalization, the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies, and the formation of integrated digital ecosystems. The results can be used in developing digital transformation strategies for companies and increasing their competitiveness in the health products market.