Syrian Private University

In modern software development, developers frequently introduce comments that describe temporary solutions, incomplete implementations, or deferred improvements. These comments, commonly referred to as Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD), may provide short-term flexibility but can accumulate into long-term maintenance challenges and quality degradation. This paper presents a systematic literature review of automated SATD detection research published between 2015 and 2025. Following established systematic review guidelines, we analyzed 46 primary studies selected from an initial pool of 1,537 publications. The review provides a structured synthesis of the field by (i) identifying and categorizing the main SATD detection objectives, (ii) analyzing representation techniques for textual, structural, and hybrid inputs, (iii) comparing learning approaches ranging from traditional machine learning to transformer-based and large language models, and (iv) summarizing evaluation practices and performance trends. Our findings reveal a clear methodological evolution from keyword-based and feature-engineered models toward context-aware and multi-modal architectures. While transformer-based approaches such as BERT and CodeBERT demonstrate strong potential, their adoption is constrained by limited benchmark datasets, inconsistent evaluation protocols, and a lack of explainability. To address these challenges, the review highlights key research gaps and outlines future directions, including standardized benchmarks, explainable SATD detection, and cross-project generalization. Overall, this study consolidates a decade of SATD research into a unified perspective and provides actionable guidance for developing more robust, interpretable, and scalable SATD detection techniques to support sustainable software maintenance.

e13621 Background: Physical activity (PA) is a key component of supportive cancer care and is associated with improved psychological well-being. However, exercise participation and exercise-related communication during oncology consultations remains poorly characterized, particularly in resource-limited settings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November and December 2025 at Ibn Al-Nafees Hospital and Al-Bairouni Hospital, the national cancer center in Syria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, consultation duration at diagnosis, and leisure-time PA using the Godin Leisure Score Index (LSI). Psychological distress was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2). Adherence to American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines was defined as ≥ 90 minutes/week of aerobic exercise and ≥ 2 resistance training sessions/week. Results: A total of 325 patients were included (mean age, 52.5 years; 66.8% female). Consultation time at diagnosis was notably brief: 18.7% of patients reported consultations lasting < 5 minutes, and 39.6% lasted 5–10 minutes. Physical inactivity was highly prevalent; 93.8% of participants had an LSI < 24, and only 0.6% met ACSM guidelines. In a logistic regression analysis, higher leisure-time physical activity was independently associated with a reduced risk of depressive symptoms (OR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.10–7.91; p = 0.031) after adjusting for potential confounders. While 60.6% of patients preferred oncologist-initiated exercise discussions, exercise was not discussed in 69.8% of consultations, and oncologist-initiated discussion occurred in only 25.5%. Similarly, 80% of patients preferred oncologist-initiated discussions regarding psychological issues; however, such discussions occurred in only 42.2% of consultations, and over half (53.5%) reported that these issues were not discussed at all. Although 63% of patients preferred oncologist assessment and reinforcement of exercise, only 23.7% reported that their activity was assessed, 27.4% received advice, and 27.1% received reinforcement. Referral to exercise services was rare (1.8%), despite 39.1% of patients expressing a preference for referral. Conclusions: Among patients with cancer, short consultation times and marked physical inactivity coexist with significant gaps in exercise counseling and referral. These findings underscore a critical need to integrate structured, time-efficient exercise assessment and counseling into routine oncology care to address both physical and psychological health.

OBJECTIVES:This RCT study aimed to investigate the clinical performance of IPS e.max endocrowns as an alternative option compared to conventional crowns to restore damaged molar teeth after an 18-month follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A sample of 30 patients with 40 molars, who needed a single-tooth restoration, was enrolled to receive either a conventional crown (n = 20) or an endocrown (n = 20). After molar preparation, all crowns were manufactured with the IPS e.max press system, then cemented using dual-cure resin. All crowns were assessed using the modified United States Public Health Service criteria (USPHS) at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months following placement. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using a questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using Mann-Whitney U and Friedman tests (95% confidence interval). RESULTS:All teeth in the conventional crown group and endocrown group showed 100% clinical success with no failure at 6, 12, and 18 months after placement in terms of marginal adaptation, contact points, and surface texture. No significant difference was found between endocrowns and conventional crowns in adhesive failure at 6 months (p = 0.075), 12 months (p = 0.317), and 18 months (p = 1.000). 100% of patients were very satisfied with the esthetics and comfort of the prosthesis. The function percentage was 93.3%. CONCLUSIONS:Both restorative options are durable and maintain their integrity. Adhesive failure occurred in a notable number of cases in the endocrown group compared to the conventional crown group. Patient satisfaction was high with both restoration types.

Sleep quality significantly impacts cognitive function and mental health, yet medical students globally report high rates of sleep disturbances. This cross-sectional study investigates the prevalence of poor sleep quality and its associations with mental health and academic performance among medical students in three Syrian universities. An online survey was administered to 722 medical students from Kalamoon University, Al Sham Private University, and Syrian Private University. Validated tools, including `assessed sleep quality and psychological distress. Academic performance was measured via self-reported GPA. After exclusions, 682 participants were analyzed using SPSS v27, with chi-square tests and regression models (α = 0.05). Poor sleep quality (PSQI ≥ 5) was prevalent in 83.3

Insomnia affects over 850 million adults globally, representing a significant public health burden. Current treatments, including cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and pharmacological interventions, face accessibility barriers and safety concerns, respectively. Electrical vestibular nerve stimulation (VeNS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive neuromodulation technique, leveraging connections between the vestibular system and sleep-regulating brain regions. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of VeNS on insomnia severity in adults with clinically significant insomnia. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched multiple databases up to July 19, 2025. Eligible studies included adults (≥ 18 years) with clinically significant insomnia (ISI ≥ 15) receiving transcutaneous VeNS versus sham stimulation. The primary outcome was the change in Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), a validated subjective measure scale. Secondary outcomes included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and quality of life measures, all assessed through self-reported instruments. Three randomized controlled trials encompassing 289 participants met the inclusion criteria. VeNS demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in insomnia severity compared to sham control (ISI mean difference: -3.65 [95