Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (Georgian: ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი Ivane Javaxishvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmts'ipo universit'et'i, often shortened to its historical name, Tbilisi State University or TSU) is a public research university established on 8 February 1918 in Tbilisi, Georgia. Excluding academies and theological seminaries, which have intermittently functioned in Georgia for centuries, TSU is the oldest university in Georgia and the Caucasus region. Over 23 500 students are enrolled and the total number of faculty and staff (collaborators) is 5,000. According to the U.S. News & World Report university rankings, TSU is ranked 398th in the world, tied with the University of Warsaw.The university has five branches in the regions of Georgia, six faculties, 60 scientific-research laboratories and centers, a scientific library (with 3,700,000 books and periodicals), seven museums, publishing house and printing press (newspaper Tbilisis Universiteti).[citation needed]The main founder of the university was a Georgian historian and academician, Ivane Javakhishvili. Among the co-founders were also several scientists, including Giorgi Akhvlediani, Shalva Nutsubidze, Dimitri Uznadze, Grigol Tsereteli, Akaki Shanidze, Andrea Razmadze, Korneli Kekelidze, Ioseb Kipshidze, Petre Melikishvili and Ekvtime Takaishvili. Professor Petre Melikishvili, a Georgian chemist, became the first rector of TSU.The Rector of TSU since September 2016 has been Giorgi Sharvashidze. TSU has six faculties: Law, Economics and Business, Humanities, Medicine, Social and Political Sciences, Exact and Natural Sciences, and the International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University as an autonomous graduate school of economics.
As the global energy landscape shifts toward more sustainable and high-performance storage solutions, the development of next-generation supercapacitor electrodes has become increasingly critical. Addressing this demand, we developed a straightforward chemical co-precipitation method to synthesize manganese dioxide (MnO2) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4), incorporating a conductive carbon framework as a potential electrode material for supercapacitors. The resulting mixture was further combined with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and deposited onto a nickel foam/graphene monolayer substrate to fabricate test electrodes. This method bypasses the complexity of multi-step fabrication and post-processing, offering a streamlined, scalable approach to building multifunctional hybrid electrodes. The resulting composite exhibits rapid ion transport and enhanced charge storage, while Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the successful incorporation of Mn and Co elements. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that the composite possesses an amorphous structure. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Galvanic Charge/Discharge (GCD) measurements revealed excellent long-term cycling stability, indicating the viability of the fabricated composite for potential supercapacitor applications. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was also performed to evaluate the internal resistance and charge-transfer properties, providing complementary insight into the electrode’s electrochemical behavior.
The increasing demand for energy worldwide has led to the development of supercapacitors, which are energy storage devices known for their high-power density, quick charging and discharging capabilities, large capacity, long lifespan, and environmental benefits. Here, we discuss the method for synthesizing manganese oxide/carbon composite materials through a one-step electrolysis process for potential application as supercapacitive electrode materials. The deposition of manganese oxide on graphite, together with the exfoliation of carbon flakes from the graphite electrodes induced by gas evolution during water electrolysis, led to the electrogeneration of a manganese oxide–carbon composite powder. After investigation of physical properties, the powder of manganese oxides/carbon composite was coated onto planar indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. Evaluation of the electrochemical performance and charge storage capacity revealed that ITO electrodes modified with the electrogenerated composite exhibited superior electrochemical performance compared with those modified only with a physical mixture of manganese oxide and carbon nanotubes.
The electrochemical and spectrophotometric behavior of Olanzapine (OLZ) was studied for its optimal concentration ratio towards citrate buffer solution, the half-wave potential of a mercury dropping electrode, and electrochemical and spectrophotometric calibration curves for the qualitative and quantitative determination of OLZ. The influence of various solvents on the ability of OLZ to form complexes with metals has been evaluated using the quantum-chemical semi-empirical AM1 method. The energetic, electronic, and structural characteristics of the molecule have been calculated, and the donor atoms in the OLZ molecule and the rules of its coordination with the metal atom have been identified. These studies are vital for further research evaluation of OLZ presence in blood plasma and urine. The removal of OLZ from model solutions was tested using the carbonaceous materials of hazelnut and walnut shells (obtained by our method), and their adsorption capacity was compared with industrial carbon material - Activated Birch Carbon (BAU-A) - showing compatible results.
The KM3NeT collaboration has reported the detection of the highest energy neutrino event observed to date. The energy of the event is of the order of 220PeV hinting towards a neutrino flux at the highest energies. In this article, the potential blazar origin for this event is explored. The publicly available Astro-Multimessenger Modeling software is used to model the blazar gamma-ray and neutrino fluxes. It is concluded that a population of blazars could produce the diffuse flux compatible with the observation of the ultra-high energy event detected by the KM3NeT/ARCA detector. At the same time, the gamma-ray flux produced by such a population of blazars is consistent with the diffuse gamma-ray flux measured by the Fermi Large Area Telescope.
Thirty years after the Georgian-Abkhaz War of 1992-1993, internal displacement remains an unresolved and open-ended crisis in the Republic of Georgia. Drawing on long-term ethnographic research conducted between 2016 and 2023, this article examines how prolonged forced displacement becomes normalised and experienced as a condition of chronic crisis rather than a temporary rupture. Focusing on ethnic Georgian internally displaced persons (IDPs) from Abkhazia, the article challenges conventional understandings of crisis as abrupt, exceptional, and time-bound. Instead, it conceptualises chronic crisis as a long-term demographic and social condition characterised by the entanglement of hardship and resilience in everyday life. It explores how IDPs experience liminality, non-return and the ongoing uncertainty of displacement. Central to this analysis is the notion of home, understood not merely as material housing but as a symbolic site of belonging, memory and identity. While recent state re-housing programmes have improved material living conditions for many IDPs, they have also concretised non-return and intensified emotional dislocation, revealing a persistent gap between 'house' and 'home.' By foregrounding everyday practices and spatial experiences, this article contributes to debates in population geography and human geography on displacement, crisis and normality, offering an account of how people endure, adapt and make sense of life in protracted displacement, as even those who have successfully integrated are still marked by their past experiences of displacement and the lingering effects of war.
