We present a new input-to-state-stability analysis for a class of normal form systems with unknown control directions using a recently introduced global extremum seeking algorithm in the presence of disturbances. Our new state transformation and Lyapunov analysis based on a quadratic Lyapunov function for the averaged system are a departure from previous averaging-based approaches, and cover general classes of nonlinear systems including generalized chains of integrators, providing less conservative bounds on the dither frequency compared with earlier results. Our numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of our analysis. We also prove a robustness property for the algorithm under small time-varying delays.
Eye movements are typically understood as supporting outward orienting, directing attention toward locations of interest in the external environment. However, not all eye movements reflect outward orienting. Gaze aversions, the common tendency to look away during effortful cognitive processing, serve as social signals of inward-oriented attention and ongoing processing. Because observers continuously monitor others' eye movements and use gaze-related cues to guide their own behavior, distinguishing between outward-oriented gaze-shifts and inward-oriented gaze aversions is a basic challenge in human interaction. Here, we examine the hypothesis that this distinction depends on the context in which gaze shifts appear. While participants reorient their attention following an outward-oriented gaze shift, they withhold doing so when the context suggests that the gaze shift reflects inward-oriented processing. To test this hypothesis, we relied on the Gaze Cueing Effect (GCE), an attentional orienting to observed gaze shifts that is known to be modulated by top-down context and interpretation.In two pre-registered experiments (total N = 90), participants performed a gaze-cueing letter-discrimination task while viewing identical gaze shifts within different contexts. One group was led to interpret the gaze shifts as occurring during effortful thinking, whereas the other group received no thinking-related context. Across both experiments, attentional orienting was significantly reduced when gaze shifts were perceived as reflecting internal cognitive processing rather than attention shifts. These findings demonstrate that gaze aversions function as communicative signals that dynamically regulate interpersonal attention, and that gaze following depends fundamentally on the inferred social meaning of the observed eye movement.
Background Hypoglycemia in hospitalized adults without diabetes is often considered incidental, but acute infection may disrupt glucose homeostasis. Aims To determine the incidence of hypoglycemia in adults without diabetes hospitalized for acute infection and evaluate its association with clinical outcomes. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 64,871 adults without diabetes admitted for acute infection between 2010 and 2025 at a tertiary academic center. Patients with diabetes or prior glucose-lowering therapy were excluded. Mild hypoglycemia was defined as 55–69 mg/dL and severe hypoglycemia as < = 54 mg/dL. Outcomes included 30 and 90 d mortality, clinical deterioration, and ICU admission. Results Hypoglycemia occurred in 8,827 patients (13.6%): 5,684 (8.8%) had mild and 3,143 (4.8%) had severe hypoglycemia. Mortality increased by hypoglycemia severity. For 90 d mortality, adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were 1.30 (95% CI, 1.20–1.42; p <0.001) for mild and 1.73 (95% CI, 1.57–1.91; p <0.001) for severe hypoglycemia. For 30 d mortality, aORs were 1.19 (95% CI, 1.07–1.33; p <0.001) and 1.70 (95% CI, 1.51–1.91; p <0.001), respectively. Achievement of subsequent normoglycemia following hypoglycemia was associated with lower observed mortality, whereas transition to hyperglycemia was associated with worse outcomes. Conclusions In adults without diabetes hospitalized for acute infections, hypoglycemia is common and associated with mortality in a severity-dependent manner. Glycemic overshoot after correction may identify an additional high-risk state, supporting careful glucose monitoring and controlled correction during acute illness.
Objective: Children who are hospitalized in a child psychiatry inpatient ward are frequently treated with anti-psychotic medications and are also characterized by being overweight. In this study, we aimed to investigate the ramifications of a customized dietary plan on weight percentile shifts in children hospitalized in an inpatient psychiatric ward. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 42 children, age 6 to12 years admitted to a child psychiatry inpatient ward (from July 21 to February 23), with hospital stays ranging from 46 to 259 days. A clinical dietitian customized a general and personalized dietary plan composed of five meals per day and a plan for diet on weekend vacations. We measured the weight percentile weekly during the first 4 weeks and then once a month. A total of 7 measurements were taken and children underwent a minimum of four out of seven measurements. Results: Baseline median weight percentile was 86.5 (range 7-100) and blood metabolic measures were within the normal range both at admission and discharge. Of the total sample, 93% of children received anti-psychotics and 55% were on stimulants. A significant weight percentile decline was noted already after 4 weeks. Higher initial weight percentile and treatment with stimulants (especially males) predicted a more robust reduction in weight percentile over time. Conclusion: Customized dietary plan led to a noticeable drop in children's weight percentile in a child psychiatry inpatient ward. This underscores the importance of personalized dietary interventions during psychiatric hospitalizations of children. (c) 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Soil spectroscopy enables the rapid, non-destructive estimation of key soil properties, but it conventionally relies on air-dried samples measured against a white reference (WR, ≈100% reflectance) panel. When soils are wet, refractive-index and multiple-scattering effects darken the surface and suppress diagnostic absorptions, while the wide dynamic range of the WR panel further compresses these low-reflectance features; this reduces predictive accuracy and hinders the harmonisation of spectra acquired under different moisture conditions. Because each reference panel is treated as the 100% reference for its own measurement session, replacing WR with a lower-albedo panel is an acquisition-stage radiometric transformation that expands the effective dynamic range for low-reflectance (wet or dark) targets without modifying the soil sample itself. This study therefore re-evaluates calibration practice under wet conditions and tests whether lower-albedo gray (GR, mid-reflectance ≈50%) and black (BR, low-reflectance ≈20%) reference panels improve the prediction of soil constituents relative to WR, without drying. Using 3928 samples from the Israeli Legacy and Israeli Soil Spectral Libraries, robust dry-soil models (WR) were first established for soil organic carbon (SOC), dithionite-extractable Fe (Fe_d), and CaCO₃, confirming high accuracy under air-dried conditions but substantial degradation at 20% moisture regardless of reference panel when trained only on dry spectra. To isolate calibration effects, 91 soils (training) were adjusted to 20% gravimetric moisture to develop wet-condition models, which were then applied to 223 independent soils at 20% moisture under WR, GR, and BR calibration. GR consistently yielded the highest performance (SOC R² = 0.66 vs. 0.48 for WR; Fe_d R² = 0.75 vs. 0.67; CaCO₃ R² = 0.83 vs. 0.79), with concurrent RMSE reductions. When the GR-trained wet library (20%) was applied across 5–30% moisture, GR-based measurements maintained robust accuracy, whereas WR remained unstable and BR showed attribute-dependent variability. We conclude that constructing a dedicated wet spectral library at ≈ 20% gravimetric moisture using a gray reference panel provides a practical and transferable acquisition-stage strategy for wet-soil evaluation within the tested soils and moisture range. As the study is laboratory-based, the approach is presented as a proof of concept that warrants field validation.
