Tilka Majhi Bhagalpur University, formerly Bhagalpur University, is a public university in Bhagalpur, Bihar, India. It was established on 12 July 1960, having local colleges initially associated with Patna University. Its campus is around 264 acres (1.07 km2) in area. The name was changed from Bhagalpur University to Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University in 1991 in commemoration of Tilka Majhi, a freedom fighter.
Abstract Rapid urbanization in heritage-rich cities like Varanasi has led to significant land use changes, necessitating high-resolution monitoring of built-up dynamics. This study addresses the research gap in quantifying fine-scale spatiotemporal urban transformations by employing the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) from Sentinel-2 imagery over the period of 2019–2025. Statistical analysis reveals the lowest mean NDBI in 2021 −0.0568), indicating a temporary reduction in built-up intensity, followed by a steady increase to −0.0223 in 2025. Spatial autocorrelation assessed via Local Moran’s I shows strong clustering in 2019 (mean I = 0.2755; skewness = 3.53) and persistent hotspots through 2025, reflecting structured urban growth. k -means clustering identified the top five high-density built-up zones per year, with mean intercluster distance peaking in 2021 (0.0867°) and decreasing convex hull area to 0.0020 deg 2 in 2025, suggesting increased decentralization yet confined urban expansion. A novel quantile-mapped gradient analysis detected an average NDBI shift magnitude of 5.76°, highlighting both directional growth and localized development shocks. The correlation analysis shows that absolute NDBI shifts are strongly influenced by both X - and Y -directional movements, with high Pearson correlations ( r > 0.76). In contrast, the weaker correlation between X and Y shifts ( r = 0.27) suggests spatially varied directional growth patterns. These results fill a methodological void by integrating spatial autocorrelation, clustering, and gradient-based shift analysis. The spatial data can guide equitable infrastructure planning and heritage conservation amid urban growth. Future scope includes integrating socioeconomic and policy variables with remote sensing indicators to develop predictive urban growth models supporting sustainable urban planning initiatives.
A river confluence is an important ecosystem to investigate the microbial community and functional profile. Even after the enormous applications of trace elements and antibiotics, their release into the environment causes pollution and selective pressure that facilitate the proliferation and dissemination of resistance genes against antibiotics, metals and biocides among bacterial communities. Metagenomic exploration plays a pivotal role in deciphering riverine ecosystems and offers valuable insights for the mitigation of pollution and the dissemination of resistance genes. Monitoring microbial diversity could aid in identifying various prokaryotes, pathogens, and pollutants, including dyes and their associated resistance genes. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the occurrence of resistance genes and virulence factors in the microbial community of Saryu River water using high-throughput metagenomics coupled with bioinformatic analyses. The highly dominant antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) types identified were rifampin, tetracycline, macrolide, polymyxin and rifampicin multidrug/efflux. ARGs such as rpoB2, Txr, adeF, tetB(P), and acrB were found to be abundant in Saryu River water. Among the detected MRG subtypes, namely, ruvB and arsB, the most abundant are in water. Further, the biocides against which the resistance was identified were ethidium bromide, triclosan, sodium dodecyl sulfate, etc. Among the virulence factors, tufa, htpB (adherence), Gmd (immune-modulation), cheD (motility), and clpV1 (effector-delivery-system) were found to be highly prevalent. Taxonomic classification revealed that Cyanobateriota, followed by Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria) and Bacteroidota were the dominant phyla in the river water. Microcystis was the most dominant genus, followed by Desulfomicrobium and Dechloromonas. The present study shows that antibiotics and metals are the major sources of resistance genes development and dissemination in the environment.. Further, this is a preliminary study based on a single composite sample, representing a "snapshot" at a specific time and location. The present study highlights the persistence of ARGs, MRGs, biocides, and virulence factors in Saryu River water and provides valuable baseline data for risk assessment.
Owing to the superior characteristics of EN-24 steel alloy, has been utilized in high-strength and wear-resistance requiring engineering applications, however, these characteristics pose a machining challenge for the specimen. Concurrently, electrical discharge machining, an advanced machining, approach has exhibited enhanced productivity, improved quality, and cost-effectiveness when contrasted with auxiliary machine practices. Therefore, in this research, the advanced machining approach was exploited for investigating the machining attributes of EN-24 steel alloy, further, a comprehensive optimization approach was employed. A systematic optimization investigation was performed with gap voltage, peak current, pulse on time, and powder concentration as crucial processing parameters. Correspondingly, the analytical tool, response surface methodology, has been operated for establishing a correlation between the process parameters and experimental outcomes, i.e., material removal rate and tool wear rate. A high R2 value for material removal rate and tool wear rate, the experimental responses considered; of 98.62
Comprehending the interactions between drugs and surfactants is critically significant for enhancing drug delivery processes and formulating effective drug compositions. This research aims to elucidate the temperature-induced aggregation of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in combination with metformin hydrochloride (MHC), in addition to emphasizing the influence of glucose and urea on micellization. Conductivity measurements were employed to probe the interactions in the CTAB-MHC system containing aqueous glucose/urea throughout a spectrum of ambient temperatures. The addition of MHC facilitated micellization by lowering the CMC values of CTAB compared to those of CTAB in pure water. Glucose, by establishing hydrogen bonds with water, renders the solvent less attractive for the hydrophobic tails of the CTAB surfactant, thereby elevating the CMC. Urea diminishes the hydrophobic action that promotes micellization by altering the water structure, hence increasing the CMC. A U-shaped pattern has been noticed in the correlation between temperature and the CMC of CTAB-MHC in both aqueous and aqueous glucose/urea environments. Thermodynamic parameters (entropy of micellization, Delta S0m; enthalpy of micellization, Delta H0m; and Gibbs free energy of micellization, Delta G0m) and physicochemical variables (CMC and counterion dissociation, alpha) have been used to characterize the interaction between CTAB and MHC. The negative Delta G0m values reveal that the CTAB-MHC mixture undergoes spontaneous micellization in both pure water and aqueous glucose/urea environments. Negative Delta S0m and Delta H0m values indicate the predominance of H-bonding, while positive values of Delta S0m and Delta H0m indicate hydrophobic interactions. The negative Delta H0m values could potentially be caused by London dispersion forces. This research enhances comprehension of how additives (glucose/urea) influence the aggregation of surfactant molecules in the presence of pharmaceuticals.
